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Uft dfu !% ut]af6 z'? ePsf] bf]>f] o'¢lj/fd / jftf{k|s/0f cGtt: oxL ebf} !) ut] cGTo ePsf] 5 . o;n] :jefjt: /fli6"o / cGt/f{li6"o /fhg}lts j[Qdf gof lh1f;fx? pTkGg u/]sf]] 5- cflv/ of] jftf{ lsg c;kmn eof] ? To;df ljleGg kIfx?sf] s] e"ldsf /x\of< c;kmn x'g] eP dfcf]jfbLx? lsg jftf{df cfPsf lyP ? cj efjL /fhg}lts ;Defjgf s] 5 < OToflb .

Jfftf{ lsg c;kmn eof] ?

Jfftf{ c;kmn x'g'sf] k5fl8 sltkon] jflx/L ?k, c+z jf k|fljlws kIfnfO{ sf/0f jtfP klg xfdL ;du| /fli6"o tyf cGt/f{li6"o juL{o / /fhg}lts zlQm-;DjGw / ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|d'v sf/0f dfGg'kg]{ 7fGb5f}+ . lsgls ;jf b'O ;o jif{ k'/fgf] /fHo;QfnfO{ cfd"n kl/jt{g ug]{ o'ufGtsf/L hgljb"f]x;+u ;DjlGwt jftf{k|s/0fnfO{ Psb'O{ j6f lemgfdl;gf s'/fx?n] dfq ;kmn jf c;kmn kfg]{ geP/ b'j} kIfjf6 k|:t't d'ne"t /fhg}lts Ph]08f / /fHo;Qf;+u :jfy{ hf]l8Psf] k|d'v /fli6"o tyf cGt/f{li6"o zlQmx?sf] e"ldsfn] g} lg0ff{os 9+un] k|efljt ug]{ u5{ . oxL g} ;fdflhs ¢Gb / To;sf] lgbfgsf] lj1fg xf] . xfdLdWo] s;}nfO{ dgf]ut 9+un] Pp6f jf csf]{ s'/f nfUg'sf] To;df s'g} cy{ / dxTj x'Fb}g .
o; ;Gb{edf ;jeGbf klxn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] ;ft jif{ nfdf] hgo'¢ / To;kl5sf] ;ft dlxgf nfdf] jftf{k|s/0f ;du| /fHo;Qf (state) kl/jt{g sf] k|Zgdf s]lGb"t lyof], gls Pp6f /fHo;Qf cGtu{tsf] ;/sf/ (government) kl/jt{g sf] k|Zgdf . /fhgLltzf:qsf ;fdfGo ljBfyL{nfO{ klg yfxf ePsf] s'/f xf] ls '/fHo;Qf cGtu{t, Jo"/f]qm];L, ;]gf, dGqLdG8n, Gofokflnsf, ljwflosf OToflb ;j} cjoj kb{5g\ / To;nfO{ b]zsf] d"nsfg"'"g jf ;+ljwfgn] kl/eflift / Jojl:yt u5{ eg] ';/sf/ cGtu{t sfo{kflnsf jf dGqLd08n dfq} kb{5 . To;}n] xfdLn] j}zfv !$ ut] ;DkGg klxnf] r/0fsf] jftf{df g} k'/fgf] /fHo;QfnfO{ lj:yflkt u/]/ sfod ul/g] gofF cu|ufdL /fHo;Qf / To;sf] d"nsfg'g jf ;+ljwfgsf] d''Vo cGtj{:t' / To;sf] lgdf{0f klqmof jf ljlw cyf{t\ uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg ;ef ;DjGwL /fhg}lts Ph]08f k|:t't u¥of}+ eg] /fhfsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] k'/fgf] ;Qfn] lgs} nfdf] cfn6fnkl5 >fj0f #@ ut] z'? ePsf] t]>f] r/0fsf] jftf{df k'/fgf] /fHo;Qf / ;+ljwfgnfO{ g} sfod /fVg] 6fn6'n] ';'wf/ / eljiodf ';/sf/ dfq kl/jt{g ug]{ cfzosf] /fhg}lts Ph]08f k|:t't u¥of] . tL b'O Ph]08fx?sf] ;"Id cWoog ug]{ hf];'s}n] tL jLrdf pQ/L / blIf0fL w|'jh:tf] olt 7"nf] kmf;nf e]6\b5 ls ltgsf] tTsfn ldngljGb'sf] s'g} ;Defjgf x'b}g / oxL d'Vo /fhg}lts dtfGt/sf sf/0f g} jftf{ k|lqmof c;kmntfdf 6+'luPsf] xf] .
clxn] k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] cfd hg;d'bfo / zxl/of dWojtL{ tKsfnfO{ e|d lbg b'O kIfsf Ph]08f jLr vfz} cGt/ g/x]sf] / c? s]xL ;dosf] 5nkmn kl5 ;xdlt / ;DemF}Tffdf k'Ug ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] eGg] cfzosf] b':k|rf/ u/]/ cfkm\gf] k|ltudgsf/L / o'¢lkkf;' rl/qnfO{ 9fs5f]k ug]{ h'g hdsf]{ ul//x]sf] 5 To;sf] j]n}df kbf{kmf; x'g' h?/L 5 . ljut cfwfztfJbL b]lvsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] s6' cg'ej kl5 cTolws hg;d'bfo / ;Dk"0f{ ;+;bjfbL tyf u}/-;+;bjfbL /fhg}lts zlQmx? jLr jg]sf] cfd ;xdlt s] xf] eg] b]zdf nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] lglDt /fhtGq / p;sf] e/f}6] zfxL ;]gf g} ;jeGbf 7"nf] jfws zlQm xf] / pgLx?sf] eljio cj ;fj{ef}d hgtfn] g} 7]ufg gnufP;Dd b]zdf k'/fgf] 9+usf] nf]stGqn] ;d]t k"0f{tf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . hgtfn] cs'l07t 9+un] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u ug]{ ;jf]{Rr ljlw lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t\ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ ePsfn] ;+ljwfg;efn] g} /fhf / zfxL ;]gf nufot ;j} s'/fx?sf] 6+'uf] nufpg' kb{5 eGg] b]zdf cfd hgdt jlg;s]sf] 5 / To;nfO{ k|ltljlDjt / k|ltlglwTj ub}{ xfdLn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|:tfj cl3 ;f/]sf xf}+ . k/Gt' k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] k|:t't u/]sf] slyt '/fHok|0ffnLdf cu|ufdL ;'wf/ ;DjGwL cjwf/0ffFdf
/fhfnfO{ ckl/xfo{ cfwf/ jtfP/ hgtfdf lglxt /x]sf] elgPsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] 7f8}
lvNnL p8fOPsf] 5 eg] ljjfbsf] Pp6f d'Vo ljifo jg]sf] zfxL ;]gf jf/] rr}{ ug{ cfjZos 7flgPsf] 5}g . /fhtGq / zfxL ;]gfsf] eljio lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'/f jt{dfg ;+ljwfg -h'g c;f]h !* kl5 j:t'tM d[tk|fo e};s]sf] 5_ sf] ';+zf]wg af6 lsdfy{ ;Dej 5}g / To;}sf] lglDt dfq klg gofF ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg;ef ckl/xfo{ 5 eGg] xfd|f] c8fg xf] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] cf}lrTo k'i6L ug]{ oxfF eGbf 7"nf] / leGg cfwf/ c? s] rflxof] < s'/f] olt k|:6 5bf5b} klg hgtfdf e|d 5g{ dfcf]jfbLn] gofF ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg;efsf] cf}lrTo k"i6L ug{ ;s]gg\ eGg] h'g b':k|rf/ /ftf]lbg ul/Psf] 5 To;sf] ;d'lrt e08fkmf]/ ;r]t hg;d'bfojf6} xf]cf];\ eGg] xfd|f] cfu|x 5 . o; ;Gbe{df sltko /fhg}lts zlQmx?n] e|djz jf hfgLj'emL 'u0ftGqsf] dfu 5f]l8;s]kl5 ;+ljwfg;ef lsg rflxof] eGg] h'g k|Zg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 pgLx?nfO{ xfdL låljwf/lxt efiffdf s] k|:6 ug{ rfxG5f}+ eg] xfd|f] kf6L{n] u0ftgqsf] k|Zg slxNo} kl/Tofu u/]sf] 5}g / ug]{jfnf klg 5}g . vfln xfdLn] eg]sf] s] dfq xf] eg] /fhfsf k|ltlglwx?nfO{ jftf{sf] 6]j'naf6 l;w} u0ftGqsf] dfu :jLsfg{ ufx|f] x'G5 eg] To;sf] l5gf]kmfgf] ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t\ u/f}+, h;df xfdLn] u0ftGqsf] kIfdf k|rf/ ug]{5f}+ . s] To;f] eGg' u0ftGq 5f]8]sf] x'G5 < ljNs'n x'Fb}g . j? cfkm}+n] cfkm"nfO{ 'ckl/xfo{ 7fGg] /fhf / /fhfnfO{ 'ckl/xfo{' 7fGg] /fhfjfbL, ;+;bjfbL / ltgsf cGt/f{li6"o u'?x? ;fj{ef}d hgtfsf jLrdf uP/ cfkm\gf] efUosf] km};nf ug{ o;/L h'sf l6Dj'/;Fu 8/fPem}+ 8/fpg'sf] /x:o s] xf] < olb k'/fgf] ;QfkIfnfO{ /fhtGq 'ckl/xfo{ / 'ckl/jt{gLo xf] eg] xfdL qmflGtsf/L hgjfbLx?sflglDt hgtfnfO{ cs'l07t / k"0f{ ?kn] ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg jgfpg] s'/f 'ckl/xfo{' / 'ckl/jt{gLo xf] . ufF7L s'/f olQ xf] / jftf{k|lqmof oxL ljGb'df e+u ePsf] xf] . cfu] km};nf hgtfsf] .
o; cltl/Qm xfdLn] cfkm\gf] /fhg}lts Ph]08fdf gofF ;+ljwfgsf Go"gtd cGt/j:t'sf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf] ;+ljwfgdf s'g} ckl/jt{gLo k|fjwfg /xg gx'g], hgk|ltlglw;efdf ljleGg ju{, hflt, If]q, blnt, dlxnf cflbsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g'kg]{ / ;/sf/df ;d]t ;d'lrt k|ltlglwTj x''g'kg]{, pTkLl8t hflt/hghfltx?nfO{ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;lxt :jzf;g x''g'kg]{, /fHo wd{lg/k]If x'g'kg]{, lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L, hgtfsf] df}lns clwsf/ x'g'kg]{, hldg hf]Tg]s]f cfwf/df qmflGtsf/L e"ld;wf/ x'g'kg]{, ;Dk"0f{ c;dfg ;GwL- ;Demf}tf vf/]h x'g'kg]{ cflb 7f]; k|fjwfgjf/] k/fgf] ;QfkIfsf] cjwf/0ffn] s]xL cd"t{ s'/f dfq u/]/ pDsg vf]h]sf] :k:6 5 . /fhg}lts ;fy;fy} cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts If]qdf cfd'n kl/jt{gsf oL Ph]08fdf klg uDeL/ dte]t /x]sfn] jftf{ dfkm{t\ tTsfn cu|ufdL lgsf; ;Dej gePsf] / kmn:j?k jftf{sf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt ePsf] s'/f ;a}n] /fd|/L a'‰g h?/L 5 .

ljleGg kIfx?sf] e"ldsf

hh{/ jlg;s]sf] k'/fgf] ;Qf;Fu lgxLt :jfy{ hf]l8Psf k|d'v kfqx?sf] gs/fTds / c;xof]uL e"ldsfsf] sf/0f klg jftf{ k|lqmof c;kmn x'g k'u]sf] s'/f :ki6 5 . vf;u/L k'/.gf] ;Qfsf] zlQm Ps 7fpFdf s]lGb"t x'g' ;§f Tof] d'Votof /fhf, zfxL ;]gf, ;+;bjfbL bnx? / cGt/f{li6"o zlQm s]Gb"x?sf] xftdf jfFl8g' / pgLx?n] cf-cfkm\g} bL3{sfnLg / tTsfnLg :jfy{ cg';f/ jftf{nfO{ leGg leGg lbzflt/ tfGg vf]Hg'n] jftf{sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ uDeL/ c;/ k'¥ofPsf] s'/fdf cj s'g} z+sf 5}g .
;j{k|yd, ;jf b'O ;o jif{b]lv Pp6f jf csf]{ ?kdf k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] g]t[Tj ;DxfNb} cfPsf] / c;f]h !* kl5 k'gM ;lqmo / lg/+s'z jg]sf] /fhtGqn] jftf{nfO{ b]zsf] ljBdfg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ dfWodsf] ;§f cfkm\gf] v:sb} uPsf] l:yltnfO{ ;'9[9 ug]{ / k|ltudgnfO{ dhj't kfg]{ xts08fsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ vf]Hof] / jftf{nfO{ c;kmn ug{df lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Nof] . xfdLn] z'?b]lvg} c;f]h !* kl5 k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] /fhg}lts / kmf}hL b'j} g]t[Tj /fhfsf] xftdf uPsf] tYo :ki6 kfb}{ jftf{nfO{ tfls{s lg:sif{;Dd k'¥ofpg] xf] eg] l;w} /fhf jf pgsf 3f]]lift k|ltlglw;+u jftf{ x'g'kg]{ s'/f /fVof+} t/ /fhfn] Pp6f jf csf]{ jxfgfdf leGg leGg l;vG8Lx?nfO{ cl3 ;f/]/ cfkm'n] k5fl8jf6 tL/ rnfpg] sfd u/] . cGTodf jftf{ lg0ff{os ljGb"df k'u]sf] j]nf slyt :jf:Yo hfFrsf] lgx'df /fhfsf] n08g knfogn] /fhf of t s'g} ljb]zL zlQmsf] nfrf/ s7k'tnL dfq jg]sf 5g\ jf pgL jftf{nfO{ /0fgLlts :jfy{k"lt{sf] dfWod dfq jgfpg] if8\oGqdf ;+nUg 5g\ eGg] k''i6L u¥of] . b'j} l:yltdf k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] g]t[Tj ;Dxfn]sf /fhfsf] e"ldsf jftf{k|lt k"0f{?kn] gs/fTds /x\of] .
k/Dk/fut ?kdf /fhtGqk|lt jkmfbf/ /xb} cfPsf] zfxL ;]gfsf]] e"ldsf ;fdfGotof /fhfsf] eGbf leGg x'gg;Sg] k|:6 x'bfx'b} klg dfG5]sf] /utsf] :jfb rfv]sf] jf3 em}+ u[xo'¢sf] j]nf cyfx jh]6dfly xft uf8\g / xltof/sf] sldzg vfg kNs]sf] zfxL ;]gfsf] pkNnf] g]t[Tjn] /fhfeGbf klg Ps sbd cufl8 j9]/ jftf{nfO{ c;kmn kfg{ / u[xo'¢nfO{ cem}+ rsf{pg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nof] . z?b]lv g} o'¢lj/fd / cfrf/;+l+xtfsf] pNn+3g u/]/ bh{gf}+sf] xTof ug]{, bf]>f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] lg0f{osf] v'Nnf pNn+3g ug]{ / j]nfs'j]nf jQmJojfhL ug]{, t]>f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] k"j{;GWofdf bf]/Defdf !( hgf lgz:q JolQmx?nfO{ sJhfdf lnP/ g[;+; xTof ug]{, t]>f] r/0fsf] jftf{fdf ;+;f/sf ;j} jftf{ k|lqmof ljkl/t ljb"f]xL kIfsf] 'xltof/ j'emfpg] d"v{tfk"0f{ 3[i6tf ug{ nufpg], jftf{ e+u x'gf;fy ;xhstf{x?sf] sfof{nodf ;d]t 5fkf df/]/ cft+s km}nfpg] cflb xs{tx?n] zfxL ;]gf lgof]lht 9+un] jftf{ efF8\gdf pBt /x]sf] k'i6L ub{5g\ .
To;/L g} k|d'v ;+;bjfbL bnx?sf] e"ldsf klg jftf{k|lt cf]7] ;dy{g JoQm ug'{df g} ;Lldt /x\of] / jftf{nfO{ tfls{s lg:sif{;Dd k'¥ofpg pgLx?sf] s'g} ;sf/fTds e"ldsf /x]g . P]ltxfl;s ?kdf :jo+ /fhtGq / zfxL ;]gf¢f/f kLl8t x'Fb} cfPsf] eP klg ;+;bjfbL bnx?n] cGttM /fhtGq / zfxL ;]gf lj?¢ nlIot / k'/fgf] k'FlhjfbL k|hftGqnfO{ k"0f{tfM lbg] Ph]08f jf]s]sf] jftf{ k|s/0fnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ ;sf/fTds / ;lqmo e"ldsf v]Ng'sf] ;§f tTsfnLg ;Qf:jfy{df nf]leP/ leqleq} jftf{sf] c;kmntfsf] lglDt cf/fwgf ul//x]sf] b]lvg' 7"nf] P]ltxfl;s lj8Djgf jGg k'u]sf] 5 . ;+;bjfbL zlQmx? ;d]t ;+ljwfg;efsf] :t/;Dd p7\g ;s]sf] eP /fhfdfly hjh{:t bjfj kg{ ;SYof] / @))& ;fnb]lvsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] cw'/f] Ph]08f clxn] k"/f x'g;SYof] eGg] hfGbfhfGb} ;+;bjfbL bnx?sf] g]t[Tjn] lsg o;/L cfkm\g} v'§fdf j~r/f] xfGof] Tof] nfdf] ;do;Dd g]kfnL Oltxf;sf] /x:osf] ljifo /lx/xg] 5 .
oL ;j}sf] ;fydf jftf{ k|lqmofnfO{ /fhg}lts lgsf;ljxLg c;kmntfdf 6'+Uofpg sltko cGt/f{li6"o zlQms]Gb"x?sf] x:tIf]ksf/L e"ldsfn] lg0f{fos jf c;fWo} dxTjk"0f{ sfd u¥of] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} z+s} /xb}g . vfzu/L jflx/ d'vn] 7"nf] 'k|hftGqsf] kmnfsf] nufP klg jf:tljs Jojxf/df t]>f] ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zx?df v'Fvf/ ;}lgs tfgfzfxx? jf dWo'uLg /fhfdxf/fhf / ;'Ntfgx?nfO{ cl3 ;f/]/ cfkm\gf] ;fdl/s :jfy{ k"lt{ ub}{ cfPsf] cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbn] gf+u} ?kdf g]kfndf /fhf / zfxL ;]gfnfO{ dhj't kf/]/ cfkm\gf] ;fdl/s :jfy{ k"/f ug]{ s;/t ul//x]sf] ;j}n] b]Vg ;Sb5g\ . o'¢lj/fd / jftf{k|lqmof rfn' /x]sf] j]nf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbL ;Qfn] g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL _ nfO{ slyt cft+sjfbL sf] lni6df r9fpg', g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] ;QfkIf;+u kfFrjif]{ k|ltcft+sjfbL ;Demf}tf ug'{, c/jf}+ ?lkofF j/fj/sf cfw'lgs xftxltof/ ;lxt ;}+of} ;}lgs k|lzIfsx? k7fpg', cd]l/sL /fhb"tn] ;a} lzi6frf/ / s'6gLlts dof{bfsf ;Ldf ldr]/ xfdL dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx?nfO{ PSNofpg] cfj\xfg\ ug'{ cflbaf6 jftf{k|lqmof efF8]/ o'¢ rsf{pgdf cGt/f{li6"o zlQm s]Gb"x?sf] e"ldsf k|jn /x]sf] ;xh k'i6L x'G5 .

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