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g]kfnn] lgs} nfdf] ;dob]lv cfz /fv]sf] ljZjJofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf kfPsf] 5 . ;fd|fHojfbL cy{tGqsf] !$* cf}+ lzsf/sf ?kdf g]kfnsf] gfd btf{ ePsf] 5 . o;n] g]kfnnfO{ s] kmfOb x'G5 of x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f t ax;s} laifo ag]sf] 5 t/ ljZj k"FhLjfbn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfdfly cltqmd0f ug]{ vt/f eg] emg} a9]/ uPsf] 5 .
sfgs'gdf bz ;]K6]Da/b]lv z'? ePsf] ljZjJofkf/ ;+u7gsf] dGqL:t/Lo a}7sdf g]kfnn] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] xf] . o;kfnL klg ljZjsf cljsl;t tyf cNkljsl;t b]zx?n] p7fPsf d'4fx? lsgf/f nufOPsf 5g\ . o'/flkog o"lgog / a]nfotsf] k|ToIf :jfy{ /x]sf] s[lifdflysf] ;Demf}tfdflysf] k'g/fjnf]sg lagf s'g} lgisz{ 6'+luPsf] 5 . h'g g]kfnsf nflu lgs} dxTj /fVb5 .

ljZj k"FhLjfb / 8ANo"6Lcf]

k""hLjfbL cy{Joj:yfdf 5fPsf] cfly{s ;+s6nfO{ xn ug]{ /0fgLltx?sf] ljsf; x'g] qmddf g} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] pbo ePsf] xf] . e"d08nLs/0fsf] :j?kdf b]vf k/]sf] k"FhLjfbsf] Pp6f zfvfsf ?kdf ;d]t JofVof ul/g] 8ANo"6Lcf]nfO{ k"FhLjfbsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;sf ;Gbe{ddf x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 .
ef/tLo /fhgLlts cy{zf:qL c/laGbsf cg';f/, gofF ljZj Joj:yfsf] gfddf hlt;'s} lrNnf gf/fx? lbOP klg e"d08nLs/0f / 8ANo"6Lcf] nufotsf cGo o;sf kIfx? c? s]xL geP'/ k"FhLjfbL cy{Joj:yfdf b]vf k/]sf] ;+s6nfO{ Joj:yfkg / ;dfof]hg ug]{ /0fgLlt dfq xf] . k"FhLjfbL /0fgLltsf] ljZjJofkL k|;f/ / k|e'Tjsf ;fy} ax'/fli6"o sDkgLsf pTkfbx?sf] k|;f/ / pkef]Qmfdflysf] Psflwsf/ g} e"d08nLs/0fsf] d'Vo /0fgLlt /x]sf]n] 8ANo"6Lcf] klg o;} /0fgLltnfO{ l;4 ug]{ ;fwg dfq /x]sf] o;sf] ljut / jt{dfgn] :jo+ k|i6 u/]sf] 5 . c/laGbsf cg';f/, ljZj Jokf/ ;+u7g t]>f] ljZjnfO{ lrNnf / u'lnof gf/f lbP/ ToxfFsf] k|r'/ k|fs[lts >f]tdfly sAhf ug]{, hgtfnfO{ k/lge{/ kfb}{ hfg] / /fi6" /fHox? (state nation) x?nfO{ clwsflws sdhf]/ kfb}{ hfg] /0fgLlt xf] .
t/ 8Ano"6Lcf]sf gf/fx? eg] sd lrNnf 5}gg\ . 8ANo"6Lcf]sf dfGotfx?n] eG5g\æ tkfO{l;t ePsf] xfdLnfO{ lbg';\, xfdL;Fusf] pTs[i6 dfn tkfO{ nUg'; . ;fy} tkfO{sf] ;DklQ / bIftfnfO{ k"0f{ ;b'kof]u ug'{xf];\ . cyf{t\ g]kfnsf] ;fdfg cd]l/sf k'Ug ufx|f] x'g]5}g\ . cd]l/sL pTkfbgx? ;:tf]df tkfO{ pkef]u ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 . t/ g]kfnsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ ljZjsf] 9f]sf v'nf ePsf] l:yltdf g]kfn PSnf] b]zn] ;Dk"0f{ ljZjdf cfkm\gf] sf/f]af/ ug{ ;Snf t eGg] sf]0faf6 ;f]Rg] xf] eg] of] 3/df rf]/nfO{ lgdGq0ff lbg' afx]s c? s]xL b]lv+b}g .

Uof6b]lv 8ANo"6Lcf];Ddsf] ofqf

tL;sf] bzssf] cfly{s dGbL / låtLo ljZjo'4sf sf/0f 6f6 pN6]sf] ljZj k"FhLjfbL cy{Joj:yfn] sf]N6] kmls{g] k|of;:j?k ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] pbo z'? eof] . Psflt/ klZrdL b]]zx?df b]vf k/]sf] Jofks cfly{s dGbLn] tTsflng ;dfhjfbL /fi6" ;f]leot ?; c5'tf] /x]sf] lyof] eg] csf]{tkm{ Nofl6g cd]l/sfb]lv k"jL{ o'/f]k / Plzofdf rs{g k'u]sf hgd'lQm cfGbf]ngx?sf sf/0f k"FhLjfbsf ;fd' yk r'gf}tL NofPsf] lyof] . of] l:yltdf a9\bf] ;dfhjfbL k|e'Tj /f]Sg / cfGtl/s cy{;+s6 /f]Sg] d'Vo /0fgLltsf cfwf/df cfh dxfb}Tosf ?kdf b]vf k/]sf ljZj a}+s / cGt//fli6"o d'b|f sf]ifsf] pbo rfnL;sf] bzssf] z'?df x'g k'Uof] . o;}aLr ljZjJofkL ?kdf ahf/ sAhf ug]{, sRrf dfnx?sf] cfk"lt{nfO{ ;/n kfg{ t]>f] ljZjdfly x:tIf]k ug]}{kg]{ / ;fDojfbL e"tsf] ;fdgf ug{ gofF j}rfl/s /0fgLltx? ljsf; ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tLnfO{ ;fdgf ug{ cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f, sNof0fsf/L /fHo nufotsf gofF ljrf/x?sf];d]t pbo x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . log} k|of;x?sf] kmn:j?k ;g\ !($& df eG;f/ tyf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;Demf}tf -Uof6 b]vf k/]sf] xf] . Uof6k"j{ cGt/li6"o Jofkf/ ;+u7g -cfO{6Lcf]_ cl:tTjdf lyof] .
bf]>f] ljZjo'4kl5 UUof6sf] hGd ePkl5 ;g\ !(^& df s]g]8L /fp08, !(&( df 6f]lsof] /fp08, ;g\ !((# df p?Uj] /fp08x? ;DkGg eP . of] cjlw eg]sf] ljZj k"FhLjfbsf ;fd' ;f7Lsf] bzssf] dlxnf tyf cGo ;fdflhs cfGbf]ng / ;Q/L bzssf] cfon ;ssf] gfdn] k|l;4 cfly{s dGbLsf] ;do lyof] . To;}n] pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] cfGtl/s ;+s6 9fs5f]k ug{ gof+ /0fgLlt tof/ ug'{ clgjfo{ lyof] . ;g\ !((# df p?Uj] /fp08df Uof6n] ljZj Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ kIfx?nfO{ ;d]6g g;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] cem} of] eGbf klg a[xt ;+u7gsf] cfjZost k"+hLjfbL /fi6"x?n] dx;'z u/] . ;Dk"0f{?kdf t]>f] ljZjnfO{ sAhf kfg{ of] eGbf klg ;zQm ;+u7sf] cfjZostfn] g} ;g\ !((% df ljlwjt?kdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] pbo eof] . lxhf] Uof6sf !$^ /fi6"x? clxn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf !^( /fi6" 5g . oL dWo] g]kfn / sDaf]l8ofn] o;} ;ftfdfq ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf x'g . ljZjJofkf/ ;+u7gsf dGqL:t/Lo a}7sx? l;+ufk'/ !((^, h]g]ef !((*, ;]6]n !((( / bf]xfdf @))! df ;DkGg ePsf lyP .

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h]g]efdf cGt//fli6"o ;lrjfno ePsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] 8fO/]S6/ hg/nsf] r'gfj o;sf ;b:o /fi6"x?n] ub{5g\ . o;sf] gLlt lgdf{0f txsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] c+u eg]sf] dGqL:t/Lo a}7s -;Dd]ng_ g} xf] . h'g k|To]s b'O jif{df ;DkGg 'xg] ub{5 . ax'klIfo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df cfly{s a[l4df pNn]Vo k|fKtL d'Vo p2]Zo /flvPsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf d'Vo sfo{x?df Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx?sf] lg?k0f / Joj:yfkg ug'{, Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx?sf] ;femf d~rsf ?kdf sfd ug'{, Jofkf/ c;xdlt -ljjfb_ x?sf] xn ug'{, /fli6"o Jofkf/ gLltx?sf] ;dLIff, k'g/fjnf]sg / cg'udg ug'{, t]>f] ljZjsf b]zx?sf] Jofkf/ gLlt / d'4fx?df k|fljlws :t/df / tflnd:t/df ;xof]u ug'{ / cGo cGt/fli6"o ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ /x]sf 5g\ . o;df ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ eg]sf] Jofkf/ c;xdlt / ljjfbx?sf] xn g} xf] . o;} clwsf/sf dfWodaf6 g} of] zlQmzfnL ;+:yf x'g k'u]sf] xf] .
;g\ !((# df p?Uj] /fp08 ;DkGg ePkl5 8ANo'6Lcf] lgs} ;zQm?kdf b]vf k/]sf] xf] . o;kl5 o;n] o"/f]kLog o"lgog, a]nfot / cd]l/sf nufot cGo ax'/fli6"o sDkgLx?sf] k|e'Tj / k|efj ljZjJofkL ug{ s]xL ;Demf}tfx? klg u/]sf] 5 . t]>f] ljZj sAhfsf] /0fgLlt cGt/ut ToxfFsf >f]t ;fwg, ;Lk, snf / hgtfdfly Psflwf/ sfod ug'{ g} o;f] ul/Psf] lyof] . xfn;Dd s[lif, e"ld, jftfj/0f, Jofkf/, Jofkf/;DalGwt af}l4s ;DklQ nufot ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf y'k|} If]qx?df ;fd|fHojfbL :jfy{;lxt s]xL ;Demf}tfx? ePsf 5g\ . clxn] k'gM Sofgs'g ;Dd]ngdf yk >d nufot cGo s]xL yk ;Demf}tfx? x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . !((# sf] p?Uj] /fp08, ;]6]ndf ePsf] ;Dd]ng / bf]xfsf] ;Dd]ng;Dd ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gn] d'Vo % j6f ;Demf}tfx? u/]sf] 5 .
-s_ s[lifdfly ;Demf}tf -Pcf]P_
-v_ af}l4 ;DklQdflysf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf -l6"K;_
-u_ nufgL dfkg ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf -l6"D;_
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-ª_ Jofkf/ ;]jf ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf
o;afx]s clxn] Sofgs'gdf jftfj/0f / >d / nufgL;DaGwL ;d]t 5nkmn x'g] atfOG5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsfsf clxn]sf ;Demf}tfx?df ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L / lj/f]w ul/Psf] ;Demf}tf eg]sf] s[lifdflysf] ;Demf}tf g} xf] . To;}u/L af}l4s ;DklQdflysf] clwsf/, nufgL ;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ lnP/ klg lgs} a9L ljjfb ePsf] kfOG5 .
s[lif ;DaGwL ;Demf}tdf ljz]ifu/L t]>f] ljZjsf ckf/ k|fs[lts >f]tx?sf] cGt//fli6"o ahf/df k|j]z / vfB ;'/Iffsf d'4fx? g} d'Vo /x]sf 5g\ . oL dWo] s[lifhGo pTkfbgx?sf] ljt/0fnfO{ ;xh t'Nofpg' Psflt/ ;+u7gsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] ePklg ;+u7gsf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv clxn];Ddsf] l:yltnfO{ x]bf{ o'/f]lkog o"lgog, a]nfot, cd]l/'sf nufotsf wgL b]zx?n] cfkm\gf] b]zdf s[lifIf]qdf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] cg'bfg -;lA;8L+_ sf sf/0f pgLx?n] pTkfbg ug]{ pTkfbx? cGt//fli6"o ahf/df lgs} sd d"Nodf k|fKt x'g] t/ cljsl;t b]zx?n] To;/L cg'bfg lbg g;Sg] sf/0f pgLx?sf] ahf/ k|lt:kflyt x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;+u7gsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/, ljsl;t b]zx?n] ^ jif{leq @) k|ltzt cg'bfg 36fpg'kg]{ / ljsf;zLn b]zx?n] bz jif{lleq !# kltzt 36fpg'kg]{ k|fjwfg ePklg ljsl;t b]zx?n] o;sf] kfngf u/]sf 5}gg=\ . a? clxn] a]nfot nufot o"/flkog o"lgogx?n] 3/]n' cg'bfgdf lgs} a[l4 u/]sf 5g\ . csf]{tkm{ ljsf;l;n b]z / ljsl;t b]zsf] s[lif k|0ffnLdf ;d]t leGgtf /x]sf] sf/0f ;a} b]zsf lglDt ;dfg zt{x?sf cfwf/df s[lifdflysf] ;Demf}tf ug{ g;lsg] ePsf]n] klg of] ;Demf}tf lgs} 8/nfUbf] /x]sf] 5 . of] l:yltn] ubf{ ef/tdf ;d]t lgs} 7"nf] c;/ kf/]sf] 5 eg] clk|msL b]zx?n] t wgL b]zx?n] 3/]n' pTkfbg / lgof{t ;lA;8L lbg tTsfn aGb ug'{kg]{ dfu /fVb} clk|msg o"lgogsf] dfWodaf6 ;g\ !((( b]lv g} rsf]{ la/f]w ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df PS;gP8l;t ;Da4 od'gf 3n] eGg'x'G5- xfdL;Fu pgLx?sf] h:tf] ;lA;8L lbg >f]t g} 5}g\ To;}n] xfd|f] ahf/ cltqmldt x'g] vt/f lgs} /x]sf] 5 .Æ vfB ;'/Iffsf nflu PS;gP8n] ljZjJofkL ?kdf cfjfh p7fPsf] atfpFb} 3n] s[lifdflysf] ;Demf}tf c;dfg ;Demf}tf /x]sf]n] o;dfly k'g/fjnf]]sg ub}{ Sofgs'g ;Dd]ngdf klg o;nfO{ t]>f] ljZjsf d'n'sx?sf] :jfy{sf nflu pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgfx?df hf]8 lbg ;+:yfn] kxn u/]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . ef/tdf clxn] cg'bfg lbg g;lsPs} sf/0f s[lifhGo a:t'x?sf] pTkfbg nfut lgof{t d"No eGbf lgs} a9L /x]sf] 5 . o;} ljifonfO{ lnP/ ef/tLo sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfn]_n] ;dy{s ls;fg / cGo ;fdflhs ;+u7gx?n] Jofks la/f]wk|bz{g ;d]t u/]sf lyP .
ef]nLsf lbgdf g]kfnn] klg cfkm\gf] pTkfbgnfO{ cGt//fli6"o u'0f:t/ -d"No / ;fdfg:t/_ sf] kfg{ ;s]g eg] xfd|f] pTkfbx? ;+u7gsf zt{ cg';f/ cGt//fli6"o ahf/sf nflu cg'kof]uL x'g] / g]kfndf ax'/fli6"o sDkgLsf vfBkbfy{x?sf] Ps5q /fh x'g] vt/f lgs} ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . t/ cfly{s l:ylt s+ufn eO;s]sf] g]kfnn] s[lifIf]qdf cg'bfg lbg;Sg] of sd d"Nodf cGt//fli6"o u'0f:t/sf] ;fdfg pTkfbg ug{' eg]sf] lbpF;} ;kgf b]Vg'eGbf c? s]xL x'g]5}g . g]kfnsf] d'Vo cfly{s >f]t eg]sf] s[lif g} /x]sf] 5 . ax';+Vos hgtfsf] k|fylds cfjZostfx?sf] d'Vo >f]t klg s[lif If]q g} xf] . t/ clxn] t]>f] ljZjsf] s[lif cy{tGqsf] bfFhf]df o"/f]lkog o"lgog / a]nfotsf] l:ylt lgs} alnof] /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] pgLx? s[lifdflysf] ;Demf}tfdfly k'g/fjnf]sg ;d]t rfx+b}gg\ . of] ;Demf}tfn] cGttM s[lifdfly g} lge{/ /x]sf t]>f] ljZjsf b]zx?nfO{ k"FhLjfbL b]zx?df k"0f{ lge{/ kfg]{ vt/f /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] of] ;Demf}tf klg ljZj k"FhLjfbsf] /0fgLltnfO{ ;]jf ug]{ cf}hf/ afx]s c? s]xL gePsf] k|i6 x'G5 .
clxn] ljsl;t b]zx?n] s[lif pTkfbgsf] If]qdf / lgof{t If]qdf lbg] ef/L cg'bfgn] ubf{ cljsl;t b]zx? lgs} ;+s6df k/]sf 5g\ . ljsl;t b]zx?n] ef/L ;lA;8L lb+bf Toxf+sf s[lifhGo kbfy{x? lgs} ;:tf] d"Nodf ljZj ahf/df k'Ug] t/ cljsl;t b]zx?sf a:t'x? ljsl;t b]zx?df hfg] qmddf eg] rsf]{ eG;f/ b/ nufOg] / pgLx?sf] nfut d"No g} a9L x'g] x'+bf t]>f] ljZjsf hgtfx? lgs} df/df k/]sf x'g . clxn]sf] Sofgs'g ;Dd]ngdf of] ljifodf ef/t / blIf0f clkm|sfsf s]xL /fi6"x?n] c8fg t lnP t/ pgLx?n] p7fPsf d'4fx? lagf s'g} lgisz{ g} ;Dd]ng ;lsof] . o;/L cfkm\gf] :jfy{ljkl/t /x]sf d'4fx?nfO{ lsgf/f nufpg' klg ;fd|fHojfbLx?sf] /0fgLlts} c+u lyof] . h'gs'/f klxn] g} cfz+sf ul/Psf] lyof] .
o;}u/L af}l4s ;DklQdflysf] clwsf/n] t t]>f] ljZjnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf g} bf; agfpg] kSsfklSs /x]sf] 5 . af}l4s ;DklQdflysf] ;Demf}tfsf k|fawfgx?n] ;f]em} k|fs[lts ;fwgx?dfly cltqmd0f ug]{5g\ . b]zsf] h}ljs ljljwtfdfly x:tIf]k ug]{5g\ / ;Dk"0f{ bf]xg x'g g;s]sf k|fs[lts ;fwgx? cGt//fli6"o Jofkfl/s ;+:yf of ax'/fli6"o sDkgLx?sf] sAhfdf k'Ug]5g\ . To;}klg ljZjsf kfFr d'Vo sDkgLx?n] t]>f] ljZjsf d'Vo cf}iflwhGo hl8a'6Lx?dfly sAhf ug]{ if8oGq ub}{ cfPsf] / of] Sofgs'g ;Dd]ngdf klg pgLx?n] s]xL ljz]if a:t'dfly Psflwsf/ sfod ug{ hf]8tf]8 u/]sf 5g\ .
of] ;Demf}tfn] ljZjsf !=$ lalnog hgtfsf] b}lgs hLjgofkgsf] ;fwgnfO{, s[lif :jfldTj / vfB;'/IffnfO{ of] ;Demf}tfn] k|ToIft c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . ;Demf}tfcg';f/, Uof6;Dd of] sfg"g 3/]n':t/;Dd /x]klg ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gn] o;nfO{ ;a} b]zsf lglDt nfu' u/]sf] 5 eg] ljsf;l;n / cNkljsl;t b]zx?sf nflu pgLx?sf] k/Dk/fut, h}ljs k|ljlw, aLplahgx/sf] hLgsf] k/LIf0f clgjfo{ ul/lbPsf] 5 / k/Dk/fut k|ljw, ;Lk, aLplahg, hl8a'6L / pTkfbgx?sf] cGt//fli6"o u'0f:t/sf] k|df0f tL b]zx?n] lbg'kg]{ dfGotf /fv]sf] 5' . cfkm\gf] ljlzi6tf ePsf] pTkfbgsf] k|df0fk'hf{ tof/ ug{ g;s]df o;dfly tL b]zx?sf] :jfdLTj /xg]5}g . clxn] ljZjsf ^ j6f d'Vo sDkgLx?sf] :jfdLTjdf ljZjsf] &) k|ltzt afnLgfnLdflysf] Psflwsf/ -Kof6]G6 /fO6_ /x]sf] 5 . of] clwsf/ cg';f/, af;dlt, gLd, a];f/ nufotsf aLplahgx?df pgLx?sf] Psflwf/ eO;s]sf] 5 . oL a:t'x?sf] pTkfbgsf nflu ca pgLx?åf/f tof/ ul/Psf] aLp lsGg'kg]{ afWotf /xg uPsf] 5 . ljZjsf oL ^ j6f ax'/fli6"o sDkgLx?df Pe]lG6;, 8F, 8' kf]G6, ldT;'O{, df]G;fG6f] / :ofGh]G6f /x]sf] 5g\ pgLx?n] xfn;Dd Psflwsf/ k|fKt h]g]l6s k|ljlwaf6 ;'wf/ ul/Psf afnLx?sf] (* k|ltzt ljZj ahf/ sAhfdf lnPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L &) k|ltzt ljZj s[lif cf}iflw -k]:6L;fO6_ sf] ahf/ / #) k|ltzt ljZjsf] aLp ahf/dfly lgoGq0f sfod u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?sf] of] sAhf /0fgLlt cem} cfqmfds?kdf cl3 al9/x]s]f 5 .
t/ cfkm";Fusf] s[lif, h}ljs ljljwtf / Jofkf/ ;DalGwt af}l4s ;DklQsf] k|df0fk'hf{ tof/ kfg'{ Tolt ;/n 5}g . o;sf nflu nfUg] vr{ g} tL b]zx?n] wfGg ;lsg] b]lvb}g . ljZj a}+ssf cy{zf:qLx?n] hgfP cg';f/, of] ;Demf}tfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ nfUg] vr{ ljsfl;l;n b]zx?sf nflu csf/0f lgs} pRr /x]sf] 5 . d]lS;sf]n] #) ldlnog o'P; 8n/ eGbf a9L vr{ u/]sf] lyof] . ljZj a}+ssf cg';f/, sf]l/ofsf] ;sn 3/]n' pTkfbgsf] !)=! k|ltzt, !=$ k|ltzt rLgsf], / )=^ k|ltzt ef/tsf] pTkfbgd"No a/fa/sf] 3f6f tL b]zx?n] ;xg'kg]{5 . To;}n] of] ;Demf}tfdfly klg k'g/fjnf]sg x'g'kg]{df clxn]sf ;xefuLx?n] hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ .
ef/tdf dfq} *% k|ltzt eGbf a9L ls;fgx?n] cfkm\gf] nflu cfjZos aLplahg cfkm}n] k"lt{ ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . / afFsL gLlh / ;/sf/L If]qaf6 cfk"lt{ eO/x]s]f 5 . g]kfnsf] l:ylt klg of] eGbf leGg 5}g . of] l:yltdf ef]ln oL aLplahgx? ax'/fli6"o sDkgLx?af6 lsGg'kg]{ l:ylt cfpg] xf] eg] l:yltsf] eofjx sNkgf ;xh} ug{ ;lsG5 .
To:t} ljZjJofkf/ ;+u7gsf] j}b]lzs nufgL;DaGwL k|fawfg klg TolQs} vt/gfs /x]sf] 5 . k'/fgf] k|fjwfg / clxn] k|:tfljt k|fjwfg nfu" x'g] xf] eg] d'n'ssf] h'g;'s} efudf klg j}b]lzs nufgLstf{x?n] lgaf{w k|j]z kfpg] 5g\ . of] l:yltdf ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s / ax';f+:s[lts ljljwtf af]s]sf] b]zdf ljb]zLx?sf] rnv]nn] 8/nfUbf] l:ylt t lgDTofpg] 5 g} ;fy} o;n] xhf/f}+ hgtfnfO{ ;d]t lj:yflkt kfg]{ 5 . od'gf 3n]sf cg';f/, ef]lnsf lbgdf blnt a:tLsf] 5]pdf s'g} ax'/fli6"o sDkgL vf]Ng] cg'dlt k|fawfg cg';f/ ;/sf/n] lbg}kg]{ x'G5 . To;/L :yfkgf ePsf sDkgLsf] ;fdflhs k|efj / c;/ ;f]em} oL ;d'bfodf kg{ hfg] x'G5 . To;}klg ;LdfGtLs[t ePsf oL ;d'bfox? o;kl5 emg} ;LdfGtLs[t x'g] vt/fl;t} /fli6"o cy{tGq ;d]t k/lge{/ aGg] 5 .
To;}n] ;+If]kdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g eg]sf] :j]R5f of s/sfkdf kf/]/ l;+uf] ljZjdfly g} ;fd|fHojfbLx?sf] Ps5q /fHo ug]{ ;kgf k'/f ug]{ dfWod xf] . g]skf Pstfs]Gb| d;fnsf dxfdGqL df]xglaqmdl;+x eGg'x'G5- æo;n] b]zsf] cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTdsk|efj kfg]{ elgPklg o;n] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfdfly uDeL/ vt/f lgDTofpg] 5 / ;fd|fHojfbLx?sf] lgaf{w k|j]z / x:tIf]knfO{ j}wflgstf lbg]5 .Æ

g]kfnsf] k|j]z M cj;/ eGbf vt/f tLa|

lgs} nfdf] k|of;kl5 g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf kfPsf] 5 . t/ g]kfnsf] of] k|j]z h}ljs ljljwtf / k|fs[lts >f]t tyf ;fwgn] ;DkGg s[lif cy{tGq ePsf] /fi6"sf lglDt rf]S6f vfg uPsL a'9L emf]ndf 8'a]/ h:tf] t x'g] x}g < lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf gx'Fb} Uof6df g]kfnsf] k|j]zsf nflu ;g\ !)*( df g} g]kfnn] cfjb]g lbPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 ;g\ !((%df ljZjJofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfsf nflu g]kfnn] cfjb]g u/]sf] lyof] . clxn] * jif{kl5 cfP/ g]kfnn] ;b:otf kfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ lnP/ b]zJofkL / cGt//fli6"o :t/df klg lgs} k|ltlqmofx? hGd]sf 5g\ . Psy/Ln] of] k|j]z g]kfnL ;Dk|e';Qfdflysf] vt/f / j}b]lzs x:tIf]ksf] nflu v'nf 9f]sf atfO/x]sf 5g\ eg] csf]{y/L eg] g]kfn PlSnP/ a:g g;Sg] a? o;sf k|fjwfg / ;Demf}tfx?nfO{ s;/L g]kfnsf] xsdf nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]tkm{ hf]8 lbg'kg]{ atfpF5g\ . t/ ;fdfGo ;f]Rg}kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf] nflu g]kfnsf] ahf/ v'nf /x]sf] l:yltsf] g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] ;fdfg ;Dk"0f{ ljZjdf k'¥ofpg ;Snf t < g]kfn To;}klg ljb]zL pTkfbgsf] ahf/ alg/x]sf] l:yltdf g]kfnL pTkfbgn] ljZjdf ahf/ kfpg] / ljb]zL ;fdfgnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{;Sg] s'/f g} xf:ofkb nfUb}g / <
ljz]ifu/L af}l4s ;DklQdflysf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf cg';f/, ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gn] ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNkljsl;t /fi6"x?nfO{ ;g\ @))^ l8;]Da/ #! ;Dd cfkm\gf] b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ h}ljs ljljwtf / To;;Fu ;DalGwt k/Dk/fut 1fg tyf ;Lksf] k|df0f tof/ ul/;Sg'kg]{ afWofTds k|fjwfg /fvsf] 5 . cf7 jif{ /flvPsf] of] k|fjwfgnfO{ kfngf gu/]df ef]lnsf lbgdf tL ljljwtf, 1fg / ;Lkdflysf] clwsf/ :jtM u'Dg hfg]5 . g]kfnn] clxn];Dd o;;DaGwL vf;} u[xsfo{ u/]sf] 5}g . clxn] jftfj/0fljb\x?sf] lrGtf klg o;}dfly /x]s]f 5 . jGohGt'ljb\ 8f= d's]z rfln;]sf cg';f/ ;/sf/n] o;nfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ cfPsf]n] g]kfnsf aGohGt' / jg:kltdfly xfd|f] clwsf/ u'Dg] vt/f /x]sf] 5 . ælogLx? xfd|f k|df0f x'g eGg] l:ylt;d]t xfdL;Fu /xg] 5}g . ax'/fli6"o sDkgLx? o;dfly x:tIf]k ug]{5g\ / ;Dk"0f{ :jfdLTj pgLx?sf] g} /xg hfG5 .Æ g]kfnn] o;cl3 g} af;dlt wfgsf] aLpm, gLdh:tf ag:klt k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ u'dfO;s]sf] 5 . clxn] ;+;f/sf] s"n e"ldsf] )=)# k|ltzt / Plzofsf] s"n )=# e"ld cf]u6]sf] g]kfnn] h}ljs ljljwtfsf cfwf/df jL; / dxfb]zsfdf kRrL;f}+ / P3f/f}+ :yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 ljZhjdf klxrfg ePsf s"n k|hfltdWo] km"n km"ng] ag:ktL @ k|lzt, km"n gkm"Ng] # k|ltzt / a|fof]km6; sfO{ ^ k|ltzt g]kfndf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L :tgwf/L / kFIfL klg qmdzM $=# / *=^ k|ltzt g]kfndf /x]sf]df logLx?sf] k|dfl0fs/0f ug{ g;lsPsf]n] of] k|j]zn] ca la:tf/} logLx? xfd|f ;DklQ x'g eg]/ la;{g]lbg cfPsf] ;d]t lj1x? atfpF5g\ .
Sofgs'g ;Dd]ngdf ljsf;l;n / cNkljsl;t b]zx?sf d'4f p7fpg Totf nfUg'ePsL od'gf 3n] eg] ;/sf/n] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf k|j]zsf] d'4fnfO{ Jofkf/ s]Gb|Lt eP/ x]/]sf]n] ;d:of b]lvPsf] atfpg'xG5 . æJofkf/ s]Gb|Lt ;f]rfOsf sf/0f o;df k|j]z ePkl5 s[lif, jftfj/0f, cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo nufot ax'klIfo c;/sf af/]df ;/sf/n] u[xsfo{ ug'{kb{Yof] . tL ;DaGwL dGqfnox?nfO{ ;hu kfg'{kb{Yof] . o;n] lgs} ;d:of pTkGg ug]{5 .Æ
g]kfnsf nflu ;f]em} / lgs} uDeL/ vt/f klg af}l4s ;DklQdfysf] clwsf/, sl[ifdflysf] ;Demf}tf / j}b]lzs nufgL ;DaGwL zt{x?af6 g} /x]sf]df lj1x? Psdt b]lvG5g\ . g]kfn;Fu /x]sf x/f]{a/f]{, a];f/, gLd, of;f{u'Daf, a];f/ nufotsf cGo cf}iflwhGo a:t'x?dfly klxnf] cfqmd0f x'g]5 . g]kfnn] cfufdL b'Ojif{leq cfkm\gf aLpaLhgx?df] k|df0fLs/0fsf] zt{ Psflt/ /x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ k|df0fk'hf{ tof/ ug{ h;f]t;f] ;kmn eOPklg aLpx?dfly d'Vo ^ j6f sDkgLx?sf] Kof6]G6sf] k|of; g/f]lsPdf o;n] s[lifdf lge{/ *) k|ltzt eGbf a9L hgtfdf ;f]em} k|efj kg]{5 . ljZjJofkf/ ;+u7gdf k|j]z gu/L a:g g;lsg] ePsf]n] k|j]z ug'{ g} a]7Ls gePsf] atfOG5 . æg]kfnn] /fd|/L sfd ug{ ;Sof] eg] y'k|} ;Defjgfx? /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] cGo cNkljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6"x?l;t ldn]/ ljsl;t /fi6"x?dfly lg0ff{os bafa lbg'kb{5 . clxn] h}las ljljwtf, vfB ;'/Iffsf d'4fx?nfO{ lnP/ clk|msg /fi6"x?sf] o"lgogn] ;+3if{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] klg cljsl;t /fi6"x?dfly k|e'Tj nfb\g] if8oGqsf lj?4 cGo /fi6"x?l;t ;femf df]rf{ sfod ug{ g;s] g]kfnsf nflu lgs} vt/f x'g] ;Defjgf ;d]t plQs} 5 .
!*# b]zx?n] efu lnPsf] clxn]sf] Sofgs'g ;Dd]ngdf ljsf;;Ln b]zx?n] s[lif pTkfbgx?df 8lDkusf sf/0f lgs} c;/ k/]sf] cf/f]k nufPsf lyP . ljsl;t b]zx?n] cfkm\gf] b]zsf ls;fgx?nfO{ lbPsf] ef/L ;lA;8L, lgof{tdf lbPsf] ;lA;8L / d'Qm Jofkf/sf] gf/f lbP/ ljsf;zLn b]zx?sf] lgof{tdfly cf};teGbf rf/, kfFr u'0ff a9L s/ nufPsf]df ;d]t pgLx?n] cfnf]rgf u/]sf lyP . of] l:ylt g]kfnsf] xsdf klg ;To /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] klg ef]nLsf lbgdf cfkm\gf] s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ cGt//fli6"o ahf/df n}hfg lgs} r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'kg]{ ePsf]n] of] c;Dej g} /x]sf] h:tf] klg gb]lvPsf] xf]Og . lsgeg] cGt//fli6"o :t/df g]kfnn] lgof{t ubf{ lgof{t ;lA;8L k"+hLjfbL b]zx?eGbf lgs} a9L / pTkfbgdf ;lA;8Lsf] dfqf lgs} sd lbg;Sg] afWotf af]s]sf] 5 . o;/L wgL k"FhLjfbL /fi6"x?sf o:tf gLltx?af/] of] ;Dd]ngdf klg ljsf;zLn b]zx?sf s'/f g;'lgg'n] ljZj k"FhLjfb cfqmfds?kdf pq]sf] g} k'li6 x'G5 . ;+u7gdf k|j]zsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] pknlAw eg]sf] cGt//fli6"o ahf/df g]kfnsf] k|j]znfO{ g} lnOPsf] 5 . dGqL xl/ a:g]tsf cg';f/, ef/t / rLgn] ;b:otf kfO;s]sf] l:yltdf g]kfnn] ;b:otf glnO ;'v} lyPg . æg]kfnsf nflu ca y'k}| cj;/ / r'gf}tLx? b]lvPsf 5g\ . cj;/x?sf] ;b'kof]u / r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df g]kfnsf] cGt//fli6"o ahf/df k|j]zn] /fli6"o cy{tGqdf g} lg0ff{os k|efj kfg]{5 .Æ t/ cfnf]rsx? eG5g- g]kfnsf] l:ylt x]bf{ ;+u7gsf k|fjwfgx?sf cfwf/df g]kfnn] g t s[lif nufot cGo If]qdf ;lA;8L lbg ;Sg]5 g t lgof{t ;lA;8L g} . To;sf ;fy} g]kfndf lgaf{w j}b]lzs nufgL lelqg] vt/f klg plQs} /xg]5 . ef]nLsf lbgdf g]kfn ax'/fli6"o sDkgLx?sf] xf]8afhL ug]{ v'nf d}bfg aGg] lglZrt 5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / hgd'lQm cfGbf]ngx?df ;d]t o;sf] lg0ff{os k|efj kg]{5 .
;+u7gdf g]kfnsf] k|j]zn] h}ljs ljlwtf, s[lif, cflbdf dfq c;/ kfg]{ geP/ o;n] ;fdflhs hLjgsf ;a} cfly{s rqmx?dfly k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{ b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf 3/]n' pBf]ux? To;}klg la:yflkt eO/x]sf] l:yltdf n3' pBdx?dfly ax'/fli6"o sDkgLsf] x:tIf]k, :jb]zL k|ljlwsf] la:yfkg / k"0f{ k|ltiklw{ ahf/sf sf/0f b]vf kg]{ df}lb|s c;gt'ngsf] l:ylt g]kfnn] a]xf]g'{kg]{5 . To;}u/L rnlrq If]qdf ;d]t o;sf] c;/ kg]{5 . ljb]zL 5f8f rnlrqx? lgaf{w?kdf k|j]z kfpg]5g\ . ljb]zL 5f8f ;+:s[lt cem} cfqmfds eP/ cfpg]5 . ldl8ofb]lv lnP/ ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf ;a}If]qdf ax'/fli6"o sDkgLn] k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{5g . o;n] ubf{ /fli6"o /fhgLltdfly g} lgs} gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{5 . To;} klg ljb]zLsf] ;xf/fdf rNg] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt ca cfP/ ljlQo ;+:yfx?sf] zt{, ax'/fli6"o sDkgLx?sf] bafa / 7"nf /fi6"x?sf] lgb]{zgdf rNg] 5 . k|sfz yfkf eGgx'G5- æs]xL kmfObfsf nf]edf l;+uf] ljZjsf lglDt g]kfnsf] ahf/ v'nf ug'{n] g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts k/lge{/tf / cfly{s lbjflnofkgnfO{ emg} tLa| kfg]{ lglZrt 5 . s]xL cy{df o;n] ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd Nofpg] ePklg ;fk]lIfs ?kdf kmfObf eGbf gf]S;fgL / To;df klg Ifltk"lt{ g} ug{ g;lsg] gf]S;fgLx? klg xfdLn] Aoxf]g'{kg]{5 .Æ