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bz}+sf] z'esfdgfsf ;fy} k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfaf6 csf]{ Pp6f ;Gb]z klg cfPsf] 5 M k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] tof/L ;DaGwdf . yfkfsf] ;Gb]zdf hgtfsf] k|hftflGqs / ;fj{ef}lds clwsf/sf] /Iffsfnflu lgjf{rgsf] tTsfn ckl/xfo{tf cf}+NofOPsf] 5 . rGb dlGqd08nsf dGqLx?n] lgo'Qm ePsf] s]lx ;dod} ^ dlxgfleq r'gfj x'g;Sg] l8ª\ xf+Sg EofO;s]sf lyP, h'g ( dlxgf kZrft\ pgLx?sf] avf{:tL ;+u} ;]nfP/ uof], t/ yfkfn] em08} $ dlxgfsf] nfdf] w}o{ wf/0f kZrft\ dfq km's]sf 5g\ lgjf{rgsf] 9jfª\ .
k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ePkl5 nuQ} kqsf/x?;Fu s'/f ub}{ yfkfn] cfˆgf] klxnf] k|fyldstf ;/sf/-dfcf]jfbL zflGtjftf{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} d'n'sdf :yfoL zflGt sfod ug{' / /fli6"o ;xdltsf ;fy cl3 a9\g' xf] eg]sf lyP . pgsf] ;fgf] cfsf/sf] dlGqd08n u7gaf6 klg k|i6 5 M pgsf] k|fyldstfdf b]z ;~rfngsf b}lgs / lgoldt sfd eGbf dfcf]jfbL;Fusf] zflGtjftf{ / bnx?;Fusf] /fli6"o ;xdlt k/]sf] lyof], h'g :jfefljs klg lyof] . t/, rGb ;/sf/åf/f ul7t dGqLkl/ifb / jftf{ 6f]nLn] dfcf]jfbL;Fu …Tj+ z/0fdÚ sf] z}nLdf ePklg hf]ufO/x]sf] jftf{klg eË ePsf] 5 / /fli6"o ;xdltsf] s'/f t k/} hfcf];\ bnx?n] k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLx? pkl:yt d~r g} alxisf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . yfkfn] cfkm+}n] tf]s]sf] k|fyldstf k'/f ug{ g;s]kl5 clxn] yfkf dlGqd08nn] k|ltlglw ;ef lgjf{rgsf] gofF xltof/ t]:of{Psf] 5 /fhgLlts bnx?sf ;fd'Gg] . em08} Ps jif{ cufl8 yfkf cWoIf /x]sf] /fk|kfn] g} dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf6 pTkGg zflGt;'/Iffsf] sf/0f b]vfP/ tTsfn r'gfj x'g g;Sg] ;j{bnLo lg0f{odf ;xdlt hgfPsf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg geO{ r'gfjdf hfg g;lsg] ts{ /fk|kf, h;sf] cWoIfdf yfkf g} lyP, sf] clws[t nfOg /x]sf] lyof] . clxn] yfkf ;/sf/n] lgjf{rgsf] lju'n km's] klg Ps jif{ cufl8 / clxn]sf] zflGt ;'/Iff l:yltdf s] tflTjs leGgtf 5 eGg ;Sb}gg\ . oyfy{df l:ylt emg\ k|To'Tkfbs eP/ uPsf] 5, dfcf]jfbLx? v'n]cfd AolQmxTofdf plqPsf 5g\ .
r'gfj k|hftGqdf ckl/xfo{ 5, t/ r'gfj x'g'dfq JolQmsf] df}lns xsclwsf/ /Iff / hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] Bf]ts xf]Og . r'gfj ;2fd x';]gsf] O/fsdf klg x'GYof], hg/n k/j]h d'z/{kmsf] kfls:tfgdf klg x'G5 / w]/} k/ ghfg] xf] eg] klg g]kfnd} klg k~rfotsfnd} …aflnu dtflwsf/sf cfwf/df hgtfn] cfˆgf k|ltlglw 5fGg kfpg] :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{rgÚ x'GYof] . r'gfj ckl/xfo{ 5, t/ r'gfj x'g'dfqn] k|hftGqsf] k"0f{tf bzf{pb}g (Necessary but not sufficient condition) . s'g cfwf/df r'gfj u/fOb} 5, s;n] u/fpb}5, p2]Zo s] 5 / :jtGq jftfj/0f 5 ls 5}g cflb k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ gvf]hL r'gfj ;lx cy{df r'gfj xf] ls xf]Og eGg g} ufx|f] x'G5, To;n] hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] Uof/]l06 u5{ ls ub}{g eGg] t cem k/sf] s'/f eof] . lgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqLnfO{ /]l8of] 3f]if0ffsf e/df x6\g' k5{ eg], ;+;bsf k|d'v bnx?n] k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ePsf] 3f]if0ff kqklqsfaf6 dfq yfxf kfpF5g\ eg] / ;+ljwfgsf] Pp6f wf/f kS8]/ ;8saf6 k|wfgdGqL l6Kg yflnG5 eg], s] s'/f k|i6 x'G5 eg] lgjf{rgsf] cfwf/zLnf ;+ljwfg g} ;d:ofu|:t 5 . dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] s'/fnfO{ Ps l5g k/ /fVg] xf] eg] klg, rf/}lt/ Ejfª k/]sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ l7s gu/L Tolx ;+ljwfg cGtu{t x'g] r'gfjsf] cy{ s] < /fhfn] hltv]/ klg k|wfgdGqL ˆofFSg ;Sg] xf] eg] s/f]8f}+ vr{ u/]/ r'gfjsf] gf6s u/fpg'sf] cf}lrTo s] <
clxn] yfkfn] ;f/]sf] lgjf{rgsf] k|:tfjdf bnx?nfO{ ;xdtLdf cfpg] cfu|x 5, t/ pgLx?nfO{ g} clxn] klg k"0f{?kdf cu]{nf] lrlqt ul/g] ul/Psf] 5 . c+u|]hLdf Pp6f zAb 5 …l;nlhHdÚ, h;sf] g]/-g]/ k'Ug] g]kfnL ?kfGt/ x'G5 M nË8f] ts{ . ;a} la/fnfx? d5{g\, ;'s/ft klg d/], To;sf/0f ;'s/ft la/fnf x'g\ eGg] h:tf ts{nfO{ c+u|]hLdf l;nlhHd elgG5 . ;+;bsf] cl:tTjsf nflu ;a} bnx?sf] ;xof]u rflxG5, of] ;/sf/ ;+;bsf] r'gfj u/fpg tof/ 5, ;a} bnn] ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{' k¥of] . k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfsf] bnx?n] ;/sf/nfO{ ;fy lbg'kg]{ cfu|xsf k5fl8sf] of] ts{ Tolx l;nlhHdsf] sf]6Ldf kb{5 . clxn]sf] l:yltdf yfkf ;/sf/n] u/fpg] elgPsf] r'gfj eP/ ;+;b :yfkgf eOxfn] klg Tof] /fli6"o k~rfot eGbf ultnf] x'+b}g, To;}n] yfkf ;/sf/sf] r'gfj u/fpg] hdsf]{ ;+;bLo k|hftGq k|lt cf:yf /fVg] bnx?sf nflu cfsif{s gx'g ;S5 . ;+;bsf] r'gfj u/fpg] cfwf/ ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;'wfl/Psf] :j?kdf Ao'Ftfpg' cfjZos 5, / To;f] ug{ cfd;xdtLsf] ;/sf/ cfjZos 5 . cem ;+ljwfgnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg] xf] eg], Tof] cfd;xdtLsf] ;/sf/df dfcf]jfbLsf] ;xeflutfklg ckl/xfo{ 5 .
t/, yfkf ;/sf/sf] r'gfj u/fpg] gf/f k|hftGqsf] eljio ;'lglZrt u/fpg] eGbf klg cfˆgf] ;Qf nDAofpg] ;f]raf6 k|]l/t eP/ cfPsf] xf] . yfkf ;/sf/nfO{ s] yfxf 5 eg] bnx?sf] ;xof]u lagf r'gfj u/fpg c;Dej 5, / dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg geO r'gfj x'g] s'g} cfwf/ g} 5}g . lgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ffn] dfcf]jfbLx?nfO{ s]lx km/s gkfg]{ kSsf 5, o;n] pgLx?nfO{ ;Qf kIfsf] sdhf]/Ldf yk cfs|d0f ug]{ df}sfdfq a9fPsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLx? hlt ;Sbf] al9 cGof]n l;h{gf ug]{ kIfdf 5g\ / r'gfjsf] 3f]if0ff eg]sf] pgLx?sf] nflu pTkfbs ;dodfq xf] . yfkf ;/sf/n] of] ga'em]sf] xf]Og . of] bz}+sf] le+8 5fl6Psf] a]nf / bnx?n]] cfGbf]ng dTy/ kfg{' k/]sf] a]nfdf yfkfn] ˆof+s]s]f r'gfjsf] gf/f /fhg}lts bnx?nfO{ ck7\of/f]df kfg]{ Pp6f xltof/dfq xf] . o;n] cufl8 b]lvg} ljleGg dte]bx?df clNem/x]sf bnx?nfO{ cem sdhf]/ agfpg] kSsf 5 .