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sltko ;+;bjfbL kf6L{x?sf g]tf / cGt/f{li6"o zlQms]Gb|x?df o;af/] e|d sfod /x]sf] b]lvP klg ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnL hgtf clxn] b]zdf nflbPsf] Aoj:yf gofF 9+usf] {k+rfot Ú g} xf] eGg] jf/] slQ klg e|ddf 5}gg\ . ljxfg}b]lv /]l8of]df ahfOg] k+rfotsfnLg uLtx?b]lv lnP/ /fh-kl/jf/ leqsf] hGd, ljafx nufotsf ;+:sf/x?sf] tfdemfd / pg} k+rfotsfnLg k|wfgdGqL / dGqLx?sf] d08n] x'Fsf/ ;'Gg] / b]Vg] hf] s;}n] of] k+rfots} gofF cjtf/ xf] eGg] ;lhn} j'em\g ;S5 . kl5Nnf] k6s b]zel/sf gu/kflnsfx?df k'/fg} k+r / d08n]x?sf] dgf]gog / ;f]xL cg';f/ cGo lgsfox? klg eb}{ hfg] leqL tof/Ln] k+rfotsf] e"t /fd|/L g} Ao"Flt;s]sf] s'/fdf s'g} z+sf /xGg .
k/Gt' Oltxf; ;w}+ pxL ?kdf bf]xf]l/b}g . jblnPsf] /fli6"o / cGt/f{li6"o zlQm ;Gt'ng / hgftfsf] jblnPsf] r]tgfsf] ;fk]Iftfdf k'/fgf] cGt/j:t'n] gofF gofF :j?k wf/0f ug]{ k|oTg ul//]x]sf] x'G5 . {k+rfot sf] cGt/j:t' eg]sf] /fhtGqfTds ;fdGtL-gf]s/zfxL clwgfosTj xf] ,h'g ;do / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ leGg leGg ?kdf k|s6 x'g ;S5 . {gofF k+rfot Ú sf] leqL ;f/tTj klg ToxL xf] t/ To;n] ablnPsf] kl/l:ylt cg'?k s]xL leGg ?k wf/0f ug]{ sf]lzz ul//x]sf] 5 .
{gofF k+rfotÚsf] ;aeGbf 68\sf/f] ?kdf b]lvg] ljz]iftf o;sf] gf+uf] bnfn rl/q xf] . {k+rfotÚ zAb ;'Gg] lalQs} sltkon] To;sf] ;fk]If / ;Lldt b]zelQmk"0f{ rl/qnfO{ ;Demg] ub{5g\ / gofF k+rfotdf klg To;sf] ck]Iff ug]{ ub{5g\ . k/Gt' {gofF Ú/ { k'/fgf]Ú k+rfot sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] leGgtf g} k'/fgf] k+rfotdf Tolt a]nfsf]] zLto'4sfnLg ljlzi7 cGt/f{li6"o kl/l:yltsf] sf/0fn] d08n] /fi6jfbs} ?kdf eP klg s]xL ;fd|fHojfb ÷ lj:tf/jfb lj/f]wL rl/q lyof] eg] gofF k+rfotsf] d'Vo cfwf/ / ljz]iftf ;fd|fHojfb ÷ lj:tf/jfbsf] bnfnL / pgLx?sf] cf8df b]zeQmx?sf] sTn]cfd xf] . o;f] x'g' k5fl8sf] d'Vo j:t'ut sf/0f cfd ?kdf jt{dfg ;fd|fHojfbL o'udf ;fdGtjfb / ;fd|fHojfbsf] clgjfo{ nugufF7f]n] Nofpg] :jfefljs kl/0flt xf] eg] 7f]]; ?kdf gf/fo0flx6L xTofsf08kl5 g]kfnL gj-/fhtGqsf] rl/qdf cfPsf] u'0ffTds pN6f] 5nf+usf] kl/0ffd xf] . oxfFg]/ d'Vo Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f s] xf]] eg] ljleGg P]ltxfl;s r/0fx?df /fhtGqsf] rl/q / e"ldsf klg km/s km/s x'g] ub{5 / /fhtGq eGg] ljlQs} To;n] ;w}+ ;fdGtjfbsf] dfq k|ltlglwTj u5{ / To;df ;fdGtL /fi6"jfbsf] c+z x'g}k5{ eGg] e|ddf sf]xL klg kg{' x'Fb}g . vfzu/L xfd|f] h:tf] t]>f] ljZjsf cw{-;fdGtL / cw{-cf}klgj]l;s b]zx?df ;fd|fHojfbsf] lg/Gt/ 3';k}7n] ;fdGtjfbnfO{ qmdzM bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL k'lhjfbdf ?kfGt/0f ub}{ nlu/x]sf] x'G5 / Pp6f ;dodf d"nt M ;fdGtjfbsf] gfOs] alg/x]sf] /fhtGq csf]{ ;dodf bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL k"Flhjfbsf] gfOs] alg/x]sf] x'G5 . k'/fgf] k+rfotsf] kfnfdf klg Tof] s|lds ?kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmof b]Vg ;lsGYof] eg] gf/fo0flx6L xTofsf08 To:tf] P]ltxfl;s kfgL9nf] (watershed) jf nId0f/]vf lyof] h;n] g]kfnL /fhtGqsf] d"nt M ;fdGtjfbL rl/qaf6 d"nt M bnfn tyf g]fs/zfxL k"FlhjfbL rl/qdf u'0ffTds 5nf+usf] k|ltlglwTj ub{Yof] . To;}n] gf/fo0flx6L xTofsf08sf] ?kdf 3l6t {gofF sf]tkj{Ú åf/f :yflkt gj-/fhtGqsf] g]t[Tjdf z'? ePsf] gofF k+rfotsf] j:t'ut rl/q d"nt M bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL k"FlhjfbL 5 / o;af6 k'/fgf] k+rfotsf] em}+ ;fk]If / ;Lldt ?kd} eP klg b]zelQmk"0f{ gLlt / sfo{sf] ck]Iff ug'{ lg/y{s dfq geP/ cfTd3ftL ;d]t x'g]5 . of] gj-/fhtGq / gj-k+rfotsf] kIfdf olta]nf 7"nf cGt//f{li6"o k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQms]Gb|x? v'n]/} nfUg' To;}sf] kl/rfos xf] .
gofF k+rfotsf] bf]>f] rfl/lqs ljz]iftf o;sf] gf+uf] kmf}hL clwgfosjfbL rl/q xf] . k'/fgf] k+rfot klg /fhf dx]Gb|n] d"nt M zfxL ;]gfs} andf sfod u/]/ ;+rfng ;d]t u/]sf lyP, To;df s'g} e|d / z+sf /xg x'Fb}g . t}klg Toltja]nfsf] /fli6"o / cGt/f{li6"o cGt/lj/f]wx?sf] rnfsLk"0f{ pkof]u u/]/ /fhf dx]Gb|n] k'/fgf] k+rfotnfO{ cfk\mg} 9+usf] {/fhg}ltsÚ rl/q lbPsf lyP / To;nfO{ {lgb{nLo k+rfotL Aoj:yf Ú sf] gfddf cfk\mg} k|ToIf PsbnLo zf;gsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug]{ lxDdt u/]sf lyP . t/ clxn]sf] gj-/fhtGqsf] b]zleqsf] k/Dk/fut ;fdGtL juL{o cfwf/ Wj:tk|fo M ePsf] / p;sf] cl:tTjsf] d'Vo cfwf/ b]z aflx/sf] k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQm ePsfn] -lsgsL bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL k"Flhjfbsf] h/f] / d'Vo cfwf/ ljb]zL ;fd|fHojfb x'G5_ {gofF k+rfotÚ n] /fhg}lts eGbf kmf}hL clwgfosjfbL rl/q a9L u|x0f ug{ afWo ePsf] 5 . To;}n] b]zleq / b]z aflx/sf] hgdtnfO{ e|d lbg p;n] s7k'tnL dlGqd08n cufl8 ;f/] klg ;Dk"0f{ /fHo;Qfsf] ;+rfng k|ToIf ?kdf zfxL ;]gfdfkm{t ul//x]sf] 5 . sltko cj:yfdf zfxL ;]gf /fhb/jf/sf] lgoGq0fdf eGbf klg l;w} ljb]zL ;fd|fHojfbsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] b]vfkg'{n] of] gofF k+rfot yfOn}08sf] h:tf] ;}lgs lgolGqt /fhtGqdf kl/0ft x'Fb} uPsf] ;+s]t klg ldNb5 . utsfndf xfdL dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/L x?;+usf] bf]>f] r/0fsf] jftf{df /fhb/jf/sf] k"j{ ;xdlt cg'?k ul/Psf] zfxL ;]gfnfO{ Aof/]ssf] kfFr lsnf]ld6/ k]l/ld6/df ;Lldt ug]{ lg0f{onfO{ zfxL ;]gfn] 7f8} OGsf/ ug]{ lxDdt ug'{n] To;sf] oy]i7 emNsf] lbG5 . zfxL ;]gfsf] Ps rf}yfO eGbfa9L c+unfO{ cd]l/sL ;]gfn] gofF 9+usf] k|lzIf0f lbO;s]sf] / qmdz M ;a}nfO{ lbO;Sg] of]hgf /x]sf] /xZof]b\3f6g xfn;fn} cd]l/sfsf] k|l;4 {6fOdÚ Dofu]lhg ;d]tn] ug{'n] b]zleq ;}lgs zf;gsf] tof/L s;/L e}/x]5 eGg] a'e\mg s'g} sl7gfO kb}{{g .
o:tf] kmf}hL clwgfosjfbL ;f/tTjnfO{ 9fs5f]k ug{ {;+j}wflgs /fhtGq Ú / {jx'bnLo Joj:yf Ú sf] kfv08k"0f{ vfi6f] cf]8fpg] b':k|of; ug'{ gofF k+rfotsf] t]>f] ljz]iftf xf] . )#^ ;fnsf] hgdt ;+u|xdf {ax'bnÚ nfO{ k/flht u/]/ {lgb{nÚ sfod ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgefpg] ;'o{axfb'/ yfkf nufotsf k"j{ k+rx?sf] lu/f]xn] cfhsn {ax'bn Ú sf] /Iffsf] kmnfsf] nufPsf] ;'Gbf a'9f] af3n] k'/fgf] lx+;fsf] k|folZrQ ug{ ;'gsf] afnf b]vfP/ afx'gnfO{ nf]EofPsf] syfsf] ;Demgf ;a}nfO{ x'G5 . vfzu/L olta]nf :yfgLo lgsfox?df k"j{ k+rx?nfO{ a6'n]/ cg's'n ;dodf d';/{km z}nLsf] {jx'bnLoÚ ;+;bLo r'gfjL gf6s d~rg ug]{ / gofF k+rfotnfO{ j}wtf lbg] h'g hdsf]{ eO/x]sf] 5 To;n] ;fd|fHojfbsf] Uo|f08 l8hfOg cGtu{t v8f ePsf] of] gofF {ax'bnjfbL Ú ;}Go kmfl;jfbL /fhtGq k'/fgf] lgb{nLo k+rfotL /fhtGq eGbf w]/} 3fts / kfv08L 5 eGg] :jt M k'i6L x'G5 .
of] l:yltdf ut c;f]h !* ut]sf] zfxL k|ltudg wf/f- !@& sf] ;fdfGo rnv]n dfq lyof] / ca sf]7] ;+3if{sf] wDsL jf bz{ge]6sf] ofrgf dfqn] @)$& sf] ;+ljwfg / ;+;bLo ax'bnLo Aoj:yf ;lhn} k'g:y{fkgf x'g]5 eGg] e|ddf ;+;bjfbL zlQmx? clNem/xG5g\ eg] Tof] eGbf 7"nf] d"v{tf / cfTd3ftL sbd csf]{ s'g} x'g};Sb}g . Tolt ;lhn} ;+;bLo ax'bnLo Aoj:yf lkmtf{ ug]{ eP b/jf/ xTofsf08 / c;f]h !* sf] sbd rflng] g} lyPg . :yfgLo lgsfodf k+rx?nfO{ egf{ ug]{ xfnsf 36gfqmdx? {;+;b k'g:yf{kgfÚ lt/ xf]Og {k+rfot k'g:yf{kgf Ú lt/ pGd"v 5g\ eGg] Pp6f ;fdfGo nf6fn] klg a'e\mg] s'/f xf] . To;}n] ca gofF cfwf/df gofF k|hftflGqs Pstf ;lxt @)$^.)$& sf] eGbf pRr :t/sf] cfGbf]ngåf/f {gofF k+rfotÚ nfO{ a9f/]/ k"FlhjfbL k|hftGqnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg' afx]s b]zdf tTsfn csf]{ /fhg}lts ljsNk 5Fb}5}g . cyf{t\ hgtfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kn] ;fj{ef}d agfpg] ;jf]{Qd ljlw ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/]/ afx]s c? tl/sfn] of]] k|ltudgnfO{ ;Rofpg] / b]zdf af/Daf/ x'g] k+rfotsf] k'g:yf{kgfnfO{ /f]Sg] csf]{ pkfo 5Fb}5}g . ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?n] hlt l56f] of] oyfy{nfO{ a'em]/ zfxL ;}lgs clwgfosjfbsf lj?4 ;+o'Qm ;+3if{ ;+rfng ug{ cu|;/ x'g]5g\ Tolt g} l56f] b]zdf xfn ljBdfg /fhg}lts ult/f]wsf] cGTo x'g]5 . ljut Ps jif{sf] cg'ejn] :ki6 ul/;s]sf] 5 ls {hf]uLb]lv e}+;L 8/f / e}+;Lb]lv hf]uL 8/fÚ sf] z}nLdf ha;Dd ;+;bjfbL / dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/L zlQmx? Ps csf{af6 8/fP/ /fhtGqfTds zfxL ;}lgs kmfl;jfb lj?4 ;+o'Qm df]rf{ s:g lxlRsrfpg]5g\ ta;Dd h;n] hlt;'s} s'6ts{ u/]klg {gofF k+rfotÚ af6 g]kfnL hgtfn] d'lQm kfpg] 5}gg\ . g]=s=kf=-dfc]jfbL_ sf] xfn} ;DkGg kf]ln6Ao"/f]sf] a}7sn] u/]sf lg0f{ox?sf] jf:tljs dd{ oxL xf] . ;j} k|hftGqjfbL zlQmx?nfO{ r]tgf eof .