rf}tf/L   clen]vfno

PsLs[t cfGbf]ngsf] ca c? s'g} ljsNk 5}g

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clk|n @!, @))$

g]kfndf olt j]nf /fhtGqlj/f]wL cfGbf]ngn] gofF ult ln+b} u}/x]sf] 5 . ljut cf7 jif{b]lv ;+rflnt cfd"n kl/jt{gsf/L hgo'¢sf] ;fydf s]xL ;do otf ;+;bjfbL bnx?sf] ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ylkg' / To;df qmdzM ljleGg k]zfut ;+u7gx?sf] ;xeflutf j9\b} hfg'n] ljut @#% jif{sf] g]kfnL Oltxf;df klxnf] rf]l6 ;fdGtL /fhtGqsf] pGd"ng u/]/ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{ ;Defjgf Psbd} k|jn ag]/ uPsf] 5 . k/Gt' o; qmddf Psflt/ cfGbf]ngsf] tTsfnLg 7f]; nIo / d"t{ gf/fsf] k|Zg / csf]{lt/ ;z:q hgo'¢ / lgz:q hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ Psfsf/ u/]/ PsLs[t cfGbf]ngsf] gofF :j?k lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|Zg jf/] cfd hg;d'bfo / sltko /fhg}lts zlQmx? jLrdf Jofks lh1f;f, c:ki6tf / e|d /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;}n] jt{dfg cfGbf]ngnfO{ cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf; ;lxt tfls{s lgisif{df k'¥ofpg s]xL d"ne"t k|Zgx?df ;fj{hlgs jx; rnfpg' / ;fk]If :ki6tf xfl;n ug'{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .
;j{k|yd, cfGbf]ngsf] tTsfnLg nIo / 7f]; gf/fjf/] s]xL rrf{ u/f}+ . :ki6 uGtJosf] ls6fg lagf s'g} klg cfGbf]ng ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g . :ki6 nIosf] ls6fgn] cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?nfO{ cfÎgf] zlQmsf] ljGof; 7Ls;Fu ug{ / cfjZos leqL tyf aflx/L hu]8f zlQmsf] Joj:yf ug{ d2t ub{5 eg] cfd hg;d'bfodf ;d]t cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldg / cfjZos Tofu tyf pT;u{ ug{ k|]l/t ub{5 . To;}n] s'g} klg cfGbf]ngsf] lglDt ljleGg ;Defljt nIox?dWo] k|d'v / lg0ff{os nIosf] ls6fg u/]/ To;nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;d]t ;xh} a'em\g] / u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] 7f]; gf/fdf kl/eflift ul/g'k5{ . k/Gt' clxn] d'VotM ;+;bjfbL kf6L{x?n] cfGbf]ngsf] lglDt ;xL / 7f]; nIo to ug{ / d"t{ gf/f cl3 ;fg{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ eGg] cfd hg;d'bfosf] u'gf;f]df k|z:t cfwf/ 5 . vfzu/L s]xL ;do otf k|ltli7t j'l¢hLjLx? / ;+rf/sdL{x?n] o;af/] ug]{ u/]sf l6Kk0fLx? w]/} tYok/s 5g\ . ca vfln æk|ltudg ;Rrfpg]Æ, æ;j{bnLo ;/sf/ jgfpg]Æ ';+;b k'g:yf{kgf ug]{Æ cflb s'/f ;do eGbf w]/} k5fl8 kl/;s]sf 5g\ eg] cd"t{ 9+un] æ/fhsLo ;Qf / ;fj{ef}d ;Qf k"0f{ ?kn] hgtfdf :yflkt ug]{Æ eGg] s'/fn] cfd hg;d'bfonfO{ lg0ff{os 9+un] cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldg k|]l/t ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?sf] ;Nnfx / lgb]{zgdf b/jf/n] lgs6 eljiodf g} s'g} b]vfj6L ;+;bLo r'gfjsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ ;Sg] rrf{n] /fhg}lts kf6L{sf sfo{stf{ / hg;d'bfodf yk cGof]n dfq l;h{gf ug]{ vt/f a9]sf] 5 . of] l:yltdf cfGbf]ngnfO{ cu|ult lbP/ lg0ff{os ljGb"df k'¥ofpg cfGbf]ngsf] tTsfnLg 7f]; nIo / gf/f :ki6 9+un] cl3 ;fg'{ / To;df clwstd /fhg}lts zlQmx?nfO{ uf]njGb ug{' cfhsf] klxnf] cfjZostf ePsf] 5 .
jt{dfg cfGbf]ngsf] ;aeGbf j}1flgs, j:t';+ut / ;xL nIo / gf/f s] x'g ;Sb5 t < of] s'/f s'g} JolQm jf kf6L{sf] dgf]ut OR5fn] eGbf klg g]kfnL ;dfhsf] clxn]sf] k|wfg cGt/-lj/f]w / cfGbf]ngsf] P]ltxfl;s cg'ejsf] l:yltn] lgwf{l/t ub{5 . To; lx;fan] ljut @#% jif{sf] g]kfnL s]Gb"Lo /fHo;Qfsf] Oltxf;, @))& ;fnb]lvsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] cg'ej / ljut cf7 jif{sf] ;z:q hgo'¢n] k}bf u/]sf] gofF /fhg}lts zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] cwf/df s] lgw{Ss ;fy eGg ;lsG5 eg] zfxL ;]gfsf] jndf l6s]sf] ;fdGtjfbL lg/+s'z /fhtGq g} g]kfnL ;dfh ljsf;sf] d'Vo jfws tTj xf] / /fhtGqsf] ;d"n gi6 u/]/ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ug{' clxn]sf] cfGbf]ngsf] Go"gtd /fhg}lts nIo / sfo{ef/ x'g'kb{5 . k/Gt' lj8Djgfsf] s'/f s] eg] @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft æ;+j}wflgsÆ jg]sf] elgPsf]] /fhtGqn] c;f]h !* kl5 ;+j}wflgs æs"Æ u/]/ k'g lg/+s'z /fhtGqnfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ul/;Sbf klg sltko ;+;bjfbL zlQmx? cem}+ @)$^ sf] cfGbf]ngsf] gf/fdf ;Lldt eP/ k'gM æ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqÆ s} /6 nufO/x]5g\ . zfxL ;]gfsf] jndf æ/fhsLo ;QfÆ sf] bfjL ub}{ klxn] @)!& ;fn kf}if ! ut] / kl5 @)%( c;f]h !* ut] b]lv cfˆgf] lg/+s'z / nf]stGqlj/f]wL rl/q gf+uf] ?kdf k|bz{g ub}{ cfPsf] /fhtGqnfO{ ca s'g} klg ?kdf æ;+j}wflgsÆ agfP/ /fVg] g s'g} j:t'ut ;Defjgf 5 g To;sf] s'g} cf}lrTo / cfjZostf 5 . oyfl:ylt leq s'g} lgjf{rg, ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg jf ;'wf/n] zfxL ;]gf / /fhtGqnfO{ hgtfsf] lgoGq0fdf /fVg] / klZrddf df]8]nsf] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqfTds k"FlhjfbL k|hftGq g]kfndf ;+:yfut ug]{ cj s'g} ;+Defjgf g} 5}g . of] d"ne"t k|Zgdf /x]sf] c:ki6tfn] g} ;+;bjfbL kf6L{x?sf] cfGbf]ngdf ck]lIft hg;xeflutf a9\g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . pxL @)$^ ;fn / c;f]h !* ut] bf]xf]¥ofpg dfq} lsg Hofg kmfNg] eGg] zxl/of hg;d'bfosf] ts{nfO{ lrQj'em\bf] 9+un] v08g ug]{ xfdL;+u s'g} cfwf/ / g}lts an 5}g . xfn} g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cl3 ;f/]sf] æ/fhsLo ;Qf / ;fj{ef}d ;Qf k"0f{ ?kn] hgtfdf :yflkt ug]{Æ eGg] gf/f klxn] eGbf Ps sbd cufl8 cjZo 5, t/ Tof] lgtfGt ck"0f{ / c:ki6 5 . xf], g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] tTsfnLg d'Vo ;d:of /fhfn] zfxL ;]gfsf] jndf k/Dk/fb]lv bfjL ub}{ cfO/x]sf] æ/fhsLo ;QfÆ (state authority) / To;sf] e/df jf/Djf/ hgtfjf6 vf]:b} cfPsf] æ;fj{ef}d ;QfÆ (sovereign authority) nfO{ k"0f{ / ckl/jt{gLo 9+un] s;/L hgtfdf :yflkt ug]{ eGg] g} xf] . Tof] xb;Dd g]kfnL sf+u|];n] clxn] cl3 ;f/]sf] gf/f;+u s;}n] vfz} ljdlt /fVg ;Sb}g . t/ @))& ;fnb]lvsf] cg'ejn] s] k'i6L ul/;s]sf] 5 eg], klxnf] s'/f, sfuhdf hlt;'s} /fd|f] s'/f n]v] klg /fHo;Qfsf] d'Vo zlQm ;z:q ;]gf Jojxf/tM hgtfsf] xftdf geP;DDf / bf]>f] s'/f, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof g} k"0f{ ?kn] hgtfsf] xftdf geP;Dd æ/fhsLo ;QfÆ / æ;fj{ef}d ;QfÆ hgtfdf :yflkt gx'g] /x]5 . To;}n] cj cd"t{ k|sf/n] æ/fhsLo ;Qf / ;fj{ef}d ;Qf k"0f{?kn] hgtfdf :yflkt ug]{Æ eGg'sf] ;§f l;w} ænf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{Æ eGg] gf/f cufl8 g;f/];Dd hg;d'bfon] Hofg kmfn]/ cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldg] ca s'g} ;Defjgf 5}g . s]xL dlxgf otf ljBfyL{x? / ;+;bjfbL kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?sf] 7"nf] tKsfn] ;d]t ;8sdf l;w} æu0ftGqÆ sf] gf/f 3GsfO;s]sf] l:yltdf ;s];Dd l;w} æu0ftGqÆ g;s] æ;+ljwfg;efÆ ;Ddsf] gf/f cl3 ;fg{ lxlRsrfpg] xf] eg] ;+;bjfbL kf6L{x?n] ca g]kfnL nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngjf6 ;bfsf] lglDt ljbf lnP x'G5 / cfˆgf]] d[To';+:sf/ cfkm} u/] x'G5 .
nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] gf/f ;+;bjfbL / dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx?nfO{ tTsfn dfGo x'g] ;femf Go"gtd gf/f klg aGg ;S5 . xfdL dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] ceLi6 hgjfbL u0ftGq x'Fbfx'Fb} klg clxn]sf] /fli6"o tyf cGt/f{li6"o zlQm ;Gt'ngsf]] ljlzi7 l:yltdf xfdLn] tTsfn k"FlhjfbL nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] sfo{qmddf ;xdt eP/ hfg] ;fj{hlgs k|ltj¢tf s]xL ;do klxn]b]lv hfx]/ ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}+ . sltkon] cem} klg nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf km'6 kfg{ / hg;d'bfonfO{ e|ldt kfg{ dfcf]jfbLx?sf] …nf]stflGqs u0ftGqÚ sf] k|ltj¢tfdf ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] cflb eGg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . hfgLj'emL j'em krfpg]x? afx]ssf c? ;a}nfO{ km]l/ klg xfd|f] xflb{s cfu|x s] xf] eg] ænf]stflGqs u0ftGqÆ sf] Go"gtd sfo{qmdk|ltsf] xfd|f] k|ltj¢tfnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ xfd|f] kf6L{n] s] s] ug{' kg]{ xf] Tof] ;DjlGwt kIfaf6 cfcf];\ xfdL v'nf Xbon] 5nkmn ug{ / pgLx?nfO{ ljZj:t kfg{ tTk/ 5f}+ . To;}n] xfd|f] kf6L{sf] tkm{af6 cWoIf s=k|r08n] Go"gtd ;femf sfo{qmddf ;xdt eP/ ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ngdf hfg ;+;bjfbL kf6L{x?;Fu jftf{, ;+jfb / ;dembf/Lsf] lglDt ;fj{hlgs ckLn ul/;Sg' ePsf] 5 / To;nfO{ xfdL cem} hf]8 lbP/ ;DalGwt ;j}nfO{ :d/0f u/fpg rfxG5f}+ .
ca ;+lIfKtdf ;z:q hgo'¢ / hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ Psfsf/ u/]/ cfGbf]ngsf] gofF :j?k lgwf{/0f ug]{ bf]>f] kIfaf/] s]xL rrf{ u/f}+ . tTsfnLg ljlzi7 /fli6"o tyf cGt/f{li6"o ;Gbe{df xfdL dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx? / ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?sf] ;femf k|of; ljgf g]kfndf nf]stflGqs u0ftGq :yfkgf x'g ;Sb}g eGg] clxn]sf] s6' oyfy{ xf] . cyjf egf}+ dfcf]jfbL / ;+;bjfbL zlQmx? jLr nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] Go"gtd ;femf sfo{qmddf ;xdlt sfod eP/ ;femf cfGbf]ngsf] :j?k to x'g] ljlQs} /fhtGq tf;sf] 3/ em}+ 9Ng] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 . of] w/ftnLo oyfy{;Fu kl/lrt b/jfl/of zlQm / p;sf ljb]zL dflnsx? To;}n] oltjanf oL b'O{ yl/ nf]stflGqs zlQmx? aLr Pstf x'g glbg cg]sg if8\oGqsf] tfgfjfgf a'lg/x]5g\ . ut r}q !( ut]b]lv hf/L ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?sf] cfGbf]ngdf dfcf]jfbL 3';k}7sf] xf}jf lkm+hfP/ eLif0f bdg ug{' / d;fn-Pstf s]Gb";Fu ;DjlGwt æhgdf]rf{Æ sf g]tf / sfo{stf{x?nfO{ bdgsf] ljz]if tf/f] agfpg' To;}sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . To;}n] ca s;}n] rfx]/ jf grfx]/ klg dfcf]jfbL hgo'¢ / ;+;bjfbL hgcfGbf]ng /fhtGqlj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf Psfsf/ x'g] j:t'ut kl/l:ylt b]zdf alg;s]sf] 5 . ;d:of / b'Zdg ;femf ePkl5 ;dfwfg / To;sf] ljlw klg ;femf x'g' :jfefljs x'G5 . To;}n] of] j:t'ut / P]ltxfl;s ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ cfTdut ?kn] s;/L c+uLsf/ / Jojl:yt ug]{ eGg] dfq} clxn]sf] cxd\ k|Zg xf] .
To;}n] xfd|f] kf6L{sf] tkm{af6 ;a} ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?, k]zfut ;+u7gx? / cfd hg;d'bfonfO{ xfd|f] s] ckLn xf] eg] hgo'¢ / hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;+of]hg clxn]sf] P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf xf] / To;nfO{ b'Zdgsf] wDsL jf e|ddf k/]/ lt/:sf/ ug]{ uNtL s;}n] guf/f}+ . ;fy} ;a}n] s] x]Ssf /fvf}+ eg] ufpF s]lGb"t hgo'¢ / zx/ s]lGb"t hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;dfof]hgn] g} g]kfnL Oltxf;sf] kf+u|f]nfO{ tTsfn cu|ult lbg ;S5 / /fhg}lts lgsf;sf] gofF 9f]sf vf]Ng ;S5 . sltko zxl/of k]z]j/ j'l¢hLjLx?n] eGg] u/] em}+ hgo'¢sf] cf8n] hgcfGbf]ng sdhf]/ x'g] xf]Og a? clxn]sf] g]kfnL w/ftnLo oyfy{df ljut cf7 jif{sf] hgo'¢n] cfh{g u/]sf] ;z:q hgjnsf] cf8 gkfO{ s'g} klg hgcfGbf]ng ;kmn x'g} ;Sb}g . To;}n] hgo'¢ / hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ Ps csf{sf] lj/f]wLsf] ?kdf xf]Og ls Ps csf{sf] ;xof]uL / k"/ssf] ?kdf lnP/ g} tTsfn nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ceLi6 k"/f x'g;Sg] j:t'ut tYonfO{ ;a}n] OdfGbfl/tfsf;fy cfTd;ft u/f}+ . a? hgo'¢ / hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;+of]hgsf] Jojxfl/s cleJolQm s:tf] x'g] jf agfpg] xf] To;af/] ;DalGwt kIfx? a;]/ 6'+uf] u/f}+ . 3f]lift jf c3f]lift ?kdf / s]Gb|Lo jf :yfgLo ?kdf PsLs[t cfGbf]ngsf] ca c? s'g} ljsNk 5}g . h;n] PsLs[t cfGbf]]ngsf] lj/f]w u5{ p;nfO{ hg;d'bfo / Oltxf;n] nf]stGqlj/f]wL u2f/sf] ku/L u'yfOlbg] lglZrt 5 . ;a}nfO{ x]Ssf /xf];\ .