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!$ dlxgf nfdf] leif0f u[xo'4kl5 ut df3 !% ut] >L % sf] ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL b'j} kIfn] o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 d'n'sdf PskN6 km]/L zflGtsf] cfzf knfPsf] 5 . t/ b'O{ xKtf ljlt;Stf klg o'4lj/fd / zflGtjftf{sf] s'/f cGof}n / cfz+sfsf] 3]/faf6 eg] d'Qm x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] clxn] klg Tolx sf]0faf6 ax; al9 p7]sf] b]lvG5 / zflGtjftf{ z'? x'g' klxn] g} jftf{ k'gM ljgf kl/0ffd g} e+u x'g] / zflGtsf] TofGb|f] k'gM lbjf:jKg dfq x'g] xf] ls eGg] eon] l;+u} b]z lrlGtt b]lvG5 . of] :jfefljs klg xf] . o'4lj/fd / zflGtjftf{ ;DaGwL s'/fx? clxn];Dd klg kf/blz{ ?kdf aflx/ gcfpg' / o; ;DaGwL ;/sf/L /j}of s]jn efif0fdf dfq ;Lldt /xb} hfg' o;sf c? cfwf/x? x'g\ . To;}n] jftf{df cfO/x]sf b'a} kIfn] cf cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 dfq xf]Og ;fd'lxs ?kdf o'4lj/fd / zflGtjftf{af/] p7]sf e|dx?nfO{ lhDd]jf/L af]wsf;fy lrg]{ k|oTg ug{' cfhsf] klxnf] cfj:ostf xf] .
of] !$ dlxgfsf] aLrdf nueu ^))) g]kfnL hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?sf] xTof ePsf] 5 . xhf/f}+ lu/km\tf/, ckx/0f / a]kQf agfOPsf 5g\, xhf/f}+sf] c+ue+u ePsf] 5 eg] xhf/f}+ cdfgjLo oftgfsf] lzsf/ ePsf 5g\ / c;'/Iffsf sf/0f xhf/f}+sf] alxu{d0f, xhf/f}+ afnaflnsf Pj+ gf/Lx? ljw'jf / c;xfo Pj+ 6'x'/f ag]sf 5g\ . b]z cfly{s ?kdf tjfxf ePsf] 5 eg] /fhg}lts ?kdf /0fe"lddf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 / To:sf] lrTsf/dfly clxn]sf] o'4lj/fd tyf zflGtjftf{sf] s'/f plePsf] 5 . To;}n] of] o'4lj/fd tyf zflGtjftf{sf] s'/f cfkm}df lgSs} u+eL/ / r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5 . o;nfO{ clxn]sf] o'4lj/fd / zflGtjftf{sf sltko c;xh k|lqm|of / jt{dfg\ /fhg}lts kl/l:yltn] klg c? r'gf}ltk'0f{ agfO lbPsf] 5 . b]pjf ;/sf/sf kfnfdf em}+ of] zflGtjftf{ lg:ro g} ;xh 5}g . t/ km]/L klg s] s'/f e'Ng x'b}g eg] c;xh l:ylt kf/ u/]kl5 g} ;xh l:ylt cfpg] xf] . To;}n] of] Tolx ;xh / :yfoL zflGt axfnLsf nflu ul/Psf] k|;j kL8fsf] ;do xf] eg]/ a'em\bf km/s kb}{g xf]nf .
of] o'4lj/fd k"0f{lj/fddf k'Unf ls gk'Unf Tof] t eljion] g} atfpnf t/ o'4lj/fd;Ddsf] of] l:yltdf cfOk'Ug' klg lx+;f / cft+sn] cfqmfGt b]z / hgtfsf nflu 7'nf] /fxt ePsf] 5 . o;sf] ;a}n] v'n]/ :jfut ub}{ ;kmntf / :yfoL zflGt axfnLsf nflu b]zsf ;a} /fhgLlts bn tyf gful/s ;dfhn] cfj:os of]ubfg lbg tof/ x'g' kb{5 . of] 3l8df cf cfkm\gf t'R5 bnLo :jfy{nfO{ w'/L agfP/ zflGtjftf{df xnf] c8\sfpg] sfd s;}af6 klg x'g'x'b}g . t/ cfh klg oxfFsf ;+;bjfbL /fhg}lts bnx? k'/fg} 8Dkm' ahfpgdf Jo:t b]lvg' r} ;a}eGbf lk8fsf] s'/f xf] .

zflGtjftf{k|lt sf] slt u+le/ M
o'4lj/fd ePsf] cj b'O{ xKtf k'/f x'b} 5 . of] b'O{ xKtfsf ljrdf zflGtjftf{sf ;DaGwdf ;sf/fTds ;Gb]; ;/sf/n] slt / dfcf]jfbLn] slt lbP eGg]af/] hgtf al9 pT;'Stfsf;fy cf}+nf efFRb} x]l//x]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLx? of] o'4lj/fd / zflGtjftf{k|lt lgSs} u+le/tfsf;fy k|:t't eO/x]5g\ eGg] s'/f of] b'O{ xKtfsf ljrdf pgLx?n] b]vfPsf ;bf;otf jf OdfGbfl/tfn] k|:6 kf/]sf] 5 h;nfO{ gful/s ;dfh, kqsf/ hut\ Pj+ dfgj clwsf/jfbLx?n] dfq xf]Og /fhg}lts bnx?n] ;d]t :jfut\ u/]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLx?n] b'O{ dlxgf cl3 g} 3f]if0ff u/]sf] kmfu'0fsf] b'O{ lbg] aGb lkmtf{ lng', dfcf]jfbL glhs /x]sf clvn s||flGtsf/Ln] kmfu'g ! b]lv g} ug]{ eg]sf] clgl:rtsfnLg z}lIfs x8\tfn lkmtf{ lng' tyf jftf{sf nflu 6f]nL agfO{ kf6L{sf pkNnf] :t/sf g]tfx?nfO{ lhDd]jf/L ;'Dkg' o;sf pbfx0fx? x'g\ . t/ ;/sf/n] eg] of] b'O{ xKtfsf aLrdf zflGtjftf{ ;Gbe{df ;sf/fTds 7f]; s'g} sbd rfn]sf] cfef; kfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 k|d+ rGbsf] /fi6sf gfddf ;Gb]; eGbf c? al9 s]lx klg ePsf] 5}g eGbf x'G5 . Tof] ;Gb]; klg cfkm}df Pp6f e|d v8f ug]{ eGbf al9 ePg . cfkm\g} dftxtsf lhNnf k|zf;g / k|x/L k|zf;g Pj+ ;'/Iff lgsfonfO{ ;d]t o'4lj/fdkl5 x'g' kg]{ s'g} lgb]{zg gePsf] b]lvof] . sfg'g adf]lhd cbfntn] l/xfO u/]sf jf Dofb e'Qmfg u/]/ l/xfO ePsf cf:yfsf alGbx?nfO{ ;d]t k'gM ks|fp ul/Psf ;dfrf/x? cfh;Dd klg cfO/x]s} 5g\ . cbfntsf] cfb]zn] l/xfO x'Fbf klg h]nsf] 9f]sfaf6 lg:sg] ljlts} km]/L kqmfp kl/g] 8/n] cfh klg h]naf6 aflx/ lg:sg OGsf/ ub}{ leq} a:g' kg]{ l:yltk|lt ;/sf/ u+eL/ gePsf] k|i6} b]lvG5 . olt dfq} xf]Og ;/sf/n] o'4lj/fdkl5 zflGtjftf{sf ;Gbe{df ePsf ;xdltx?nfO{ ;/sf/L ;Grf/ dfWodx?af6 h'g dxTjsf;fy Nofpg' kYof]{ Tof] klg u/]sf] b]lvPg / cem} uhjsf] s'/f t s] 5 eg] ;/sf/n] cem} ;/sf/L jftf{ 6f]nL ;d]t agfpg] tv{/ gug'{ crDds} s'/f xf] . To;}n] hgtfn] aflx/af6 b]Vg] s'/f s] xf] eg] ;/sf/ zflGtjftf{k|lt u+le/ b]lvPsf] 5}g . of] kSs} klg o'4lj/fdnfO{ k'0f{lj/fdlt/ n}hfg] sbd xf]Og . o;k|lt ;/sf/sf] ;sf/fTds sbd cljnDa a9\g' kb{5 . cbfntsf] cfb]zn] sfg'g adf]lhd 5'6\g' kg]{ alGbx?sf] l/xfOsf] ;d]t ;/sf/n] Uof/]lG6 glng' nHhfhgs s'/f xf] .

jftf{nfO{ ;fy{s agfpg] u[xsfo{M
klxnf] s'/f t jftf{nfO{ ;fy{s jftf{df k'/\ofpg jftf{sf kIfw/x?n] lgl:rt} ?kdf u+eL/ eP/ cfj:os u[xsfo{ ug{' h?/L 5 . t/ clxn]sf] jftf{sf] s|ddf clxn];Dd klg To; k|sf/sf] u[xsfo{ eO/x]sf] cfef; kfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljutsf] jftf{sf] c;kmntfaf6 l;s\b} tof/L ug'{ kg]{ cfj:os tof/Lk|lt ;/sf/n] cem} a]jf:tf g} u/]sf] k|ltt x'G5 . gful/s ;dfh tyf dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ To;sf nflu ;/sf/ cfkm}n] u[xsfo{ ul/lbg cfu|x ubf{ s]lx lju|b}g lyof] t/ ;/sf/ g cfkm" Tof] tof/Ldf nfu]sf] b]lvG5 g c?nfO{ g} Tof] tof/Lsf nflu elg/x]sf] 5 . ljutsf] jftf{sf] c;kmntfsf kl5 w]/} o:t} k|fljlws sf/0fx? lyP h;n] jftf{nfO{ ljyf]Ng d4t u/\of] . ;/sf/ Psflt/ jftf{sf] 6]jndf a:g] csf{lt/ bdgsf/L ljw]osx? ;+;baf6 bgfbg kf; u/fpg], xltof/x?sf] e08f/0f ug]{ tyf ;]gfnfO{ rf}tlkm{ o'4 If]qdf k7fpg] / bdg hf/L /fVg], otf jftf{df klg lgsf;sf] eGbf s]jn jftf{nfO nDJofpg] ts{ dfq lemSg] ePkl5 g} ljutsf] jftf{n] Tof] df]8 lng k'u]sf] s'/f ;a}df hfx]/ 5 . To;nfO{ Pp6f vf; cfrf/;+lxtfdf afFWg] / afFlwg] k|oTg gug'{ / hgtfsf] zflGtsf] rfxfgfnfO{ ga'em\g] k|a[lt xfjL x'g' To;a]nfsf] d'Vo sdhf]/L lyof] . clxn]sf] jftf{nfO{ Tof] /f]uaf6 d'Qm ug]{ xf] / at{dfg o'4lj/fdnfO{ ;fFRr} k"0f{lj/fddf kl/0ft ug]{ xf] eg] ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL b'a} kIfnfO{ dfGo x'g] cfrf/;+lxtf / To;tf] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ Ps clwsf/ ;DkGg cg'udg ;ldltsf] lgdf0f{ cfhsf] klxnf] cfj:ostf xf] . tfls ef]ln jftf{ e+u x'g] l:ylt k}bf g} gxf];\ / eof] eg] klg To:sf] g}lts lhDd]jf/L jf cf/f]k k|Tof/f]k z+sfsf] cfwf/df xf]Og tYosf cfwf/df x'g ;sf];\ .
bf];|f], jftf{sf ofjt s'/f kf/blz{ / ljZjf;df cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5 . jftf{sf gfddf xltof/ jf zlQm;Gro ug]{ sfd cljnDa aGb ul/g' kb{5 . o'4lj/fd eGbf klxn] ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLsf aLr s'g} cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s gLltut ;xdlt ePsf] eP To;nfO{ 9[8tf / OdfGbfl/tfsf;fy hg;dIf NofOg' kb{5 . /fi6sf] eljiosfaf/]df x'g] s'g} klg lg0f{o k|lqmofaf6 hgtfnfO{ u'd/fxdf /fVg x'b}g . To;n] jftf{sf b'a} kIfnfO{ cGttM 3f6f g} k'/\ofpF5 . jftf{sf] ;kmntf To;a]nf dfq x'G5 ha o'4/t kIfx?sf aLr gLltut k|Zgx?df ePsf ;xdltnfO{ kf/blz{ / v'nf ax;4f/f ;xh cjt/0fdf n}hfg ;lsG5 . o'4lj/fdsf nflu jftfj/0f agfpg] ;fgf ltgf sfo{lglts k|Zgdf ePsf ;xdltsf cfwf/df dfq o'4/t kIfn] zflGtjftf{sf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ug{ ;Sb}g . olb To;f] dfq} xf] eg] o:tf] o'4lj/fd ;fx}| lkmtnf] x'g] s'/f ;xh a'em\g ;lsG5 . xf], o;}sf/0f cfh o'4lj/fd / zflGtjftf{af/] hgtfdf cfz+sf a9]sf] xf] . To;nfO{ v'nfzf ug{' h?/L dfq} xf]Og b]znfO{ cu|udgtkm{ n}hfg] xf] eg] To;sf] rf}tkmL{ ax;sf] dfu{ k|;:t ul/lbg' klg cfhsf] vfFrf] xf] . Tof] s'/f jftf{sf b'a} kIfn] OdfGbf/Lk'a{s af]Ng' kb{5 . >Ln+sfsf] jftf{ k|ls|ofnfO{ x]bf{ klg of] s'/f a'em\g ;lsG5 . >Ln+sfdf o'4lj/fd sfo{lglts k|Zgdf ;xdlt eP/ xf]Og gLltut k|Zgdf ;xdlt eP/ dfq cufl8 a9]sf] lyof] . Tolx sf/0f ToxfFsf] zflGtjftf{ bLuf] ePsf] xf] . ToxfFsf] zflGtjftf{ :yfoL zflGtsf] af6f]df hfg'sf] csf]{ dxTjk'0f{ sf/0f eg]sf] jftf{k|lt ;/sf/n] b]vfPsf] 9[8tf / OdfGbfl/tf g} xf] . ljkIfL bnx?sf] xnf] c8\sfO / zflGt k|ls|ofdf cfpg] ;fgf ltgf cj/f]wx?af6 /lQ klg ljrlnt geO zflGt k|lqm|ofdf >Ln+sfnL ;/sf/n] b]vfPsf] ;bf;otf / b[9tf jf:tjdf g} cg's/0fLo 5 . oxfF klg ;/sf/n] ;fFRr} zflGt rfx]sf] xf] eg] af6f] Tolx xf] .
t];|f], o;sf nflu oxfFsf /fhg}lts bnx? klg Tolts} tof/ x'g' h?/L 5 . o;tf] u[xsfo{ ;/sf/n] g} ug]{ xf] . t/ ;/sf/n] clxn];Dd klg ;j{bnLo a}7s af]nfpg] / o'4lj/fd / zflGtjftf{k|ltsf] ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 ug]{ sfd ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . of] ;/sf/sf] 7'nf] sdhf]/L xf] . ;d:ofaf6 efu]/ xf]Og ;/sf/n] To;nfO{ cfd\g] ;fd\g] km]; u/]/ /fli6o ;xdltsf] cfwf/df g} xn ug{' kb{5 . ca}wflgs ;/sf/sf] ljNnf kfPsf] ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf ultljlwx?n] g} a}wflgs x'g] k|oTg ug{' kb{5 . / /fhg}lts bnx?n] klg ;/sf/nfO{ ca}wflgssf] ljNnf le8fP/ dfq x'b}g cfkm'n] klg b]znfO{ ;+s6af6 d'Qm ug]{ ;femf dfu{sf] vf]hLdf Ps 7fpF cfpg' kb{5 . ;Fw} plx k'/fgf] PsnsfF6] 8Dkm' ahfP/ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'b}g . Tof] t jf:tjdf ;d:ofnfO{ c? aNemfpg] s'/f dfq xf] . b]z / hgtfsf] of] ajf{bLsf nflu oxfFsf /fhg}lts bnx?sf] olx k|a[lt al9 lhDd]jf/ 5 . cj klg bnx?n] Tof] k|ls|ofsf] vf]hL u/]gg\ eg] pgLx?n] lg0ff{os e'ldsfsf] dfu u/]/ klg Tof] k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . ;don] h] dfu u/]sf] 5 Tof] xb;Dd plSng jf cf]ln{g clxn]sf] 3l8df ;a} tof/ x'g' kb{5 . tj dfq} :yfoL zflGtsf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . jftf{ eg]sf] To;} klg lng] / lbg] k|ls|of4f/f ljjfbnfO{ xn ug]{ tl/sf xf] .
rf}yf], clxn] t zflGtjftf{ z'? ePs} 5}g s]jn o'4lj/fd ePsf] 5 . of] 3l8df klg b'a}| kIfn] zflGt sfod /fVg ug{ kg]{ w]/} s'/fx? 5g\ . Tof] klg eO/x]sf] 5}g ls eGg] cfz+sf klg lbg lbg} a9]/ hfg yfn]sf] 5 . s]lx lbg otf o'4lj/fd pn+3gsf ;fgf ltgf 36\gfx? aflx/ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . of] z'e ;+s]t xf]Og . ;/sf/n] o'4alGbx?nfO{ s|dz l/xfO ug{'sf abnf cbfntn] 5f8]sf alGbx?nfO{ ;d]t g5f]8\g] tyf o'4lj/fd kl5 klg of] jf Tof] gfddf vfgtnf;L, lgu/fgL / lu/km\tf/L hf/L /fVg] xf] / dfcf]jfbLx?n] klg ckx/0f ul/Psf dfG5]x?sf] ;kmfof -s]lx lbg otf To:tf ;dfrf/x? cfO/x]sf 5g\_ g} ub]{ hfg] xf] eg] :jfefljs ?kdf o'4lj/fd / zflGtjftf{df ;+s6 cfpF5 . o:tf dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL Go'gtd sfd sfaf{lxx? klg /f]lsPgg\ eg] zflGtjftf{ s;/L ;DkGg xf]nf < t;y{ oL sfdx? b'a} kIfaf6 cljnDa /f]lsg' kb{5 / cljnDa b'a}kIfnfO{ dfGo x'g] cfrf/ ;+lxtf agfO sfo{Gjogdf NofOg' kb{5 .
kfrf}+, o'4lj/fdnfO{ k'0f{lj/fddf n}hfg gful/s ;dfhsf] e'ldsf klg Tolts} dxTjsf] x'G5 . clxn] w]/}n] cu|udgsf] s'/f p7fpg] u/]sf 5g\ . rf}tkmL{ ax; klg To;} ljifodf rNg] u/]sf 5g\ t/ Tof] cu|udg eg]sf] s] xf] < To;leq s] s] k5{ To;af/] gful/s ;dfh cem} cGof}ndf g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfhsf] zflGtjftf{sf dfcf]jfbL Ph]08fx? Tof] cu|udgsf] zJbfjnLleq k5{g\ ls kb}{gg\ < kb}{gg\ eg] c? s] x'g\ t cu|udg eg]sf] < To;af/] ax; p7fpg' / ;dfwfgsf] dfu{ k|;:t ug{ pTk|]l/t ug{' klg gful/s ;dfhsf] sfd xf] . k5{g\ eg] To;leq s]s] k5{g\ < Tof] af6f] s;/L vGg] xf] To;af/] ;DalGwt kIf / gful/s ;dfhn] gofF prfOdf p7]/ ax;sf] yfngL ubf{ /fi6nfO{ kmfOb} xf]nf . gLltut ?kdf p7\g] o;tf ;jfnx?df hgtfn] :ki6 x'g] / cfkm\gf] wf/0ff agfpg] df}sf kfP eg] g} /fi6sf] eljio klg ;'lgl:rt x'g] xf] . cfhsf] zflGtjftf{sf] d'Vo r'gf}lt olx xf] . cf cfkm\gf /fhg}lts :jfy{ jf k"jf{u|xaf6 dfly p7]/ cu|udgsf] of] lbzfaf/]\ ax; x'g'kb{5 / 4Gb/t kIfx?n] klg o;af/] cfkm\gf cflwsfl/s wf/0ffx? ;fj{hlgs ug'{ kb{5 . s]jn gf/f lbP/ dfq cfkm\gf] bfloTj k'/f ePsf] 7fGg' x'b}g . oL r'gf}ltx?nfO{ kf/ gu/L at{dfg zflGtjftf{n] :yfoL zflGt lbg g;Sg] s'/f k|:6} 5 .

cGtdf af]nLdf nufd nufpg] xf] ls < M
o'4lj/fd / zflGtjftf{af/] k|fo ;a} dGqLx?n] cf cfkm\gf dGraf6 Pp6f g Pp6f s'/f af]ln/x]s} x'G5g\ / tL af]lnx? k|fo aflemPsf x'G5g\ . To;}n] lhDd]jf/ dfG5]x?sf] af]nLsf] s'g} 7]ufg gx'g' / ;Fw} jftfaf/]{ cGt/lj/f]wL / e|dfTds vfnsf] s'/f dfq cfpg' klg ;/sf/sf] sfo{z}nLsf] csf]{ sdhf]/L xf] . To;}n] zflGtjftf{sf nflu hf] lhDd]jf/ 5 To;n] dfq cflwsfl/s ?kdf af]Ng] k|ls|of a;fpg' jftf{sf nflu /fd|f] x'G5 . ;xhstf{x?sf] xsdf klg of] s'/f Tolts} nfu' x'G5 . s;n] s] slt af]Ng] eGg] s'/fsf] l;df ga'em\bf dl;gf s'/fn] klg jftf{nfO{ cK7\of/f]df kf5{ . ;xhstf{sf] tf}n / p;sf] e'ldsfn] klg jftf{nfO{ w]/} k|efj kf5{ eGg] s'/f Tof] ku/L u'Yg]x?n] klg a'lem lbg' cfj:os 5 . o;tkm{ ;dod} Wofg uP zflGtjftf{nfO{ ;sf/fTds lbzfdf a9\gdf ;xh x'g] lyof] ls <
;fy} o'4lj/fd / zflGtjftf{sf] cjlwe/ g} ;fgf ltgf o'4lj/fd pn+3gsf 36\gfx? 3\6g klg ;S5g\ . o:tf] sfd ljleGg sf]0faf6 ljleGg zlQmx?n] u/fpg klg ;S5g\ . cfkm\gf] :jfy{ l;l4sf nflu jftf{ ef8\g] zlQmx? hxf klg / hlxn] klg ;ls|o x'G5g\, To;tkm{ ;r]t lgu/fgL /fVb} jftf{k|lt b'a} kIf b[9 / OdfGbf/ x'g cfj:os 5 . >Ln+sfsf] of] zflGtjftf{sf cjlwdf klg To;tf w]/} 36\gfx? 36]sf 5g\ t/ To;n] jftf{nfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] 5}g . / xfd|} klg ljutsf] jftf{sf] cg'ejaf6 xfdLn] l;Sg' kb{5 . jftf{sf kIfx? c?af6 k|efljt / lglxt :jfy{af6 lgb]{lzt geP jftf{ c;kmntfdf 6'+lub}g . Tof] ljZjf;sf;fy jftf{sf b'a} kIf cl3 cfpg' kb{5 .

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