s'/fsfgL   clen]vfno

tof/L kf]zfs pBf]u Ps jif{leq km:6fpg] xfdLn] cf;f lnPsf 5f}+

ls/0f ;fv
cu:6 )*, @))#

k|:t't s'/fsfgL tof/L kf]zfs ;+3 g]kfnsf cWoIf ls/0f ;fv;Fu ut dlxgf k//fi6| ;lrj;Fu jfl;+ª6g 8L;L cfpg'ePsf a]nf g]kfnLkf]i6sf tkm{af6 ;Dkfbs ls/0f l;6f}nfn] ug'[ePsf] lyof] .
cd]l/sL d'n'sn] s/]ljog / s]xL clk|msL d'n'sx?nfO{ s/d'Qm sf]6f k|0ffnLcGt{ut tof/L kf]zfs lgof{t ug]{ ;x'lnot lbPsf] 5 . e"kl/j]li7t / t];|f] ljZjsf] klg ul/aLsf] e/\of+udf ;a}eGbf tnsf] l;+9Ldf kg]{ g]kfnnfO{ klg cd]l/sfn] s/d'Qm lbg'kg]{ dfu /fVb} g]kfnsf k//fi6| ;ljr dw'/d0f cfrfo{;Fusf] b'O{ ;b:oLo k|ltlglwd08ndf ;fv klg 8L;L cfpg'ePsf] lyof] . k|:t't 5 ;f]xL cj;/df ul/Psf] s'/fsfgLsf s]xL c+z .

tkfO{+ o;cl3 klg cfpg'ePsf] lyof] o;} ljifonfO{ lnP/ clxn] k'gM cfpg'ePsf] 5 lsg t <

klxn] xfdL cfpFbf l;g]6/ 8fOg kmfOG;6fOgn] xfdLnfO{ l;g]6df g]kfnnfO{ s/d'Qm k|0ffnLcGtu{t ;x'lnot lbG5' eg]/ k|:tfj k]; u/]sL lyOg\ . t/ >L % sf] ;/sfn] ltAj]ltog z/0ffyL{x?nfO{ rLg lkmtf{ u/]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ pgn] lj/f]w hgfP/ cfkm\gf] ;f] k|:tfj lkmtf{ lnPsL lyOg\ . o; afx]s 6]S;f;l:yt kf08f OghL{ / g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0faLrsf] n]gb]gsf] lx;falstfasf] ;d:ofn] ubf{ klg oxfFsf] njL ;d'x;Fu ;DalGwt l;g]6/ / s+u|];d]gx?n] clns cK7f/f]kfg]{ cj:yf b]lvPsf] lyof] . of] e|d0fnfO{ xfdLn] To;}sf] kmnf]cksf] ?kdf lnPsf 5f}+ . lsgsL oL ;d:ofx? s"6g}lts ;d:of x'g\ / To;}n] o;df k//fi6| ;lrj;Fu cfPsf xf}+ .
tof/L kf]zfs h:tf] Joj;fo h;n] b]zsf] rfnL; k|ltzt b]zsf] a}b]lzs d'b|f cfh{g u5{, To:tf] u+eL/ ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qn] klg slxNo} klg o:tf] cj:yfdf ;'Tg'x'Fb}g . of] xfd|f] klg bfneftsf] ;jfn xf] . To;}n] o;sf nflu pRr lgsfoaf6 kmnf]ck x'g' Hofb} h?/L b]lvPsfn] xfdL k'gM oxfF cfPsf xf}+ .

tkfO{+x?n] l;g]6/ 8fog kmfOG;6fOg;Fusf] e]63f6sf af/]df s] s'/f eof] t s]xL atfOlbg'x'G5 ls <

xfdLn] pgnfO{ e]6\g'cl3 cGo cd]l/sL pRr kbflwsf/Lx?;Fu klg e]6 u/\of}+ . ;a};Fusf] e]63f6 nfebfos g} ePsf 5 . l;g]6/ 8fog kmfOG;6fOg g]kfnLx?sf ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ / lxt};L ;fyL klg x'g\ . pxfFn] of] lannfO{ ;Sbf] rfF9f] cufl8 a9fP/ ;]K6]Da/sf] ;];gdf k]; u/]/ kf; u/fpg] k|of; ug]{5' eg]/ xfdL;Fusf] e]6df cfZjf;g lbg'ePsf] 5 . of] kf; ePsf v08df g]kfnL cy{tGq, g]kfnL pBf]uLx? / dhb"/x?nfO{ /fd|f] 6]jf k'Ug]5 .

pgL afx]s cGo s'g} l;g]6/;Fu klg e]63f6 eof] ls < / pgLx?n] klg s]xL cfZjf;g lbPsL <

xf] xfdL;Fu SofG;;sf l;g]6/ a|fpg Jofs / Go'of]s{sf s+u|];d]g h]D; a]Nrn] klg ;xof]u ug]{ 5f}+ eGg'ePsf] 5 .

of] ljn kf; gx'g] s'g} sf/0f b]Vg'ePsf] 5 ls oxfFx?n]

;j{k|yd t zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfaf;n] of] lansf] sf] :kG;/ vf]Hg h?/L 5 . To;kl5 g]kfnsf] ljB't d"No lgwf{/0f cfof]u / kf08f PghL{ aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] k};fsf] sf/f]jf/ ;'Nemfpg'kg]{ 5 . o;f] ePsf v08df kf08f PghL{sf njL ;d"xn] klg xfd|f] g]kfnsf] lan cl3 a9fpg ;xof]u ug]{ 5g\ eGg] arg lbPsf 5g\ . Reciprocity sf] k|0ffnLcGtu{t xfd|f] oxfFsf] k/]sf] ;d:of pxfFx?n] ;'Nemfpg] / g]kfndf pxfFx?nfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of xfdLn] ;'Nemfpg d2t u/]df xfdL b'j}nfO{ kmfObf x'g]5 . To;}n] hxfF;Dd nfU5 of] lan kf; x'g'kg]{ xf] .
!% nfv 8n/sf nflu xfdLn] ! s/f]8 !) nfvb]lv @ s/f]8 @) nfv 8n/;Ddsf] Jofkf/ x'g ;Sg] s'/f a'em]/ ;DalGwt lgosfon] /sd e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ eP rfF9} u/] cj:o g} ;xof]u ldN5 . ;/sf/n] klg o;sf nflu pRr :t/af6 s"6g}lts ;DaGw /fVg h?/L 5 .

Jofkf/ eg]sf] t jfl0fHo dGqfnosf] s'/f lyof] tkfO{+ t k//fi6| ;lrj;Fu cfpg'ePsf] 5 lg <

of] ;d:of s"6g}lts ;d:of ePsfn] k//fi6| ;lrj cfpFbf pRr:t/Lo kbflwsf/Lx?;Fu a9L e]63f6 x'g] ePsfn] of] lannfO{ b|'t ultsf] ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg 6]jf ldN5 eGg] ljZjf;n] xfdL k//fi6| ;lrj;Fu cfPsf xf}+ / xfdL xfd|f] p2]Zodf ;kmn klg eO/x]sf 5f}+ .

8An'6Lcf]sf] sf]6f 36fpFb} nlug] k|0ffnL cGtu{t t cfpFbf] l8;]Da/ #!, @))$ ;fndf of] k"0f{ ?kn] x6\g]5 To;kl5 t ;a} Pp6} Jofkf/sf] d}bfgdf x'G5g\ . cyf{t\ tkfO{+x?n] u/]sf] of] bf}8w'k hDdf ;f9] Ps jif{sf nflu dfq nfebfos 5, s;/L of] ;dodf xfdLn] 9'Ag nfu]sf] tof/L kf]zfs pBf]unfO{ pef] nufpg ;Sg] 5f}+ < s] lghL If]q / ;/sf/ cfpFbf] hgj/L !, @))% sfnflu tof/L 5 t <

xf] tkfO{+n] eg]sf] ;f9] Ps jif{sf] Dofb ;To xf] . xfdL g]kfnLn] of] ;f9] Ps jif{sf] ;dodf cfˆgf] xfnsf] Jofkf/ jflif{s ! ;o !) ldlnogaf6 bf]Aa/ kfg{ ;S5f}+ . xfd|f] ufd]{G6 s/d'Qmsf sf/0fn] cd]l/sfdf k|lt:kwf{Tds ePsf] v08df Jofkf/L ju{n] o; If]qdf vr{ nufgL ug]{5g\ / of] pBf]u Ps jif{leq} km:6fpg] cfzf xfdLn] u/]sf 5f}+ .
ptf xfdLn] ;/sf/nfO{ 8An'6Lcf]n] kfg{;Sg] c;/;DaGwL 8]9 jif{cl3 g} cg';GwfTds k|ltj]bg k]z ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . 9'jfgL vr{ 36fpg ptf ;/sf/n] ;'Vvf jGbufxf k|0ffnL cGtu{t ;fdfg lgof{t ug{ ef/t ;/sf/;Fu ;Demf}tfqmd hf/L /fv]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ jL/uGh, e}/xjf / lj/f6gu/;Dd /]nj]nfOgsf] s'/fsfgL klg eO/x]sf] 5 .

tkfO{+x?n] klxnf] e|d0fdf df}lvs ?kdf g]kfn kms]{/ uPkl5 /fhb"tfaf;nfO{ s]xL /sd njL vr{ :j?k pknAw u/fpg] eGg'ePsf] lyof] To;af/] s]xL atfOlbg'x'G5 ls <

xf] Tof] s'/f ;xL xf] . xfdL lghLIf]qn] /sd p7fpg] klg sfo{qmd u¥of}+ / ;/sf/;Fu klg To;sf] af/]df 5nkmn u¥of}+ . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/;Fu klg Tolt /sd 5}g / Tof] s'/f Tolts} cNdlnof] . t/ xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 ls njL ;d"xsf] dxTj cd]l/sfdf w]/} 5 eg]/ . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf xfdLn] g}lts ;dy{g g} eof] eof] klg xfdLnfO{ 7"nf] ;xof]u x'G5 .

tkfO{+x?n] sf]nf]/f8f]sf] g]kfnLx?sf] e]nfdf g]kfnsf nflu Jofkf/ k|ltlglw Dof/L Sof/f]nnfO{ of] lansf] ;dy{gdf x:tfIf/ ;+sngsf] lhDdf lbg'ePsf] lyof] . To:tf sfdx? cd]l/sfdf a:g] g]kfnLx?nfO{ g} lhDdf lbPsf] eP nfek|b x'GYof] ls <

Tof] /fd|f] s'/f xf] . xfdL klg l;Sb}5f}+ . jf:tjdf d]/L Sof/f]nn] xfd|f] cd]l/sfsf klxnf] e|d0fsf a]nf ;fy lbPsL lyOg\ / o; ljifodf pgL kf]Vt eO;s]sL x'gfn] xfdLn] pgnfO{ of] sfdsf] lhDdf lbPsf xf}+ . g]kfnLnfO{ g} lbPsf] eP vr{ ;:tf] t kg]{ lyof] xf]nf t/ ljifosf] uxgtf gx'g ;SYof] . cfpFbf lbgx?df o;af/] klg xfdL k'g{ljrf/ ug]{ 5f}+ .

zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfaf;af6 s] s:tf] ;xof]u k|fKt eO/fv]sf] 5 <

xfdLnfO{ b"tfaf;n] /fd|f] ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . klxnf] e|d0fsf a]nf ;a};Fu b"tfaf;n] e]63f6sf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] lyof] . o;sf nflu d dxfdlxd nufot ;a} kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . xfn klg /fhb"t lj/fdL k/]sf] cj:yfdf klg b"tfaf;sf cGo kbflwsf/Lx?n] xfdLnfO{ /fd|f] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] nflu b"tfaf;sf] e"ldsf xfdL gx'Fbf klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'g]5 eGg] nfu]sf] 5 .
b"tfaf;n] ;j{k|yd t lansf nflu sf] :kG;/ vf]Hg'kg]{ 5 . To;kl5 Tof] kf; u/fpg ;a} l;g]6/ / s+u|];Dofgx?;Fu ckLnkq, ˆofS; cflb ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu ug'{kg]{ d'Vo sfd t s"6g}lts :t/af6} xf] . jf:tjdf cd]l/sf h:tf] b"tfaf;df sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof Hofb} g} yf]/} ePsfn] klg o;tkm{;d]t ;/sf/n] Wofg k'¥ofpg xfdL cfu|x ub{5f}+ .
hxfF;Dd nfU5 cd]l/sLx?sf] g]kfnk|ltsf] dfof / xfd|f] ;fd'lxs sfdsf] nugzLntfsf / b"tfjf; nufot k//fi6| ;lrjsf] e"ldsf / klxnf] 6f]nLsf] ldxg]tsf sf/0f xfd|f] p2]Zo ;kmn x'G5 eGg] xfdLn] k"0f{ cf;f lnPsf 5f}+ .
cGtdf, xfdL tkfO{+x?sf] h:tf] ldl8ofaf6 klg ljutsf lbgx?df em}+ cfpFbf lbgx?df klg o;sf nflu ;xof]u ug{ cfu|x ub{5f}+ .