s'/fsfgL   clen]vfno

g]kfnsf] cy{tGq o:t} /x]df w]/} ;do;Dd l6Sg ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g

k|f]km];/ ljZjDe/ Kofs'/]n
cu:6 @@, @))#

k|f]km];/ ljZjDe/ Kofs'/]n ljut #) jif{eGbf nfdf] ;dob]lv g]kfnsf] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf k|fWofkg If]qdf ;+nUg /xFb} cfpg'ePsf] g]kfnsf cy{zf:qLx?dWo]sf Ps xl:tsf ?kdf kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 .
cd]l/sf l:ylt cf]xfof] ljZjljBfnoaf6 Masters Degree in International Affairs majoring in Development df ug'{ePsf] 5 eg] pxfFn] o'lgel;{6L ckm d]l/Nof08af6 Post-doctoral studies in Economics ug'{ePsf] xf] . pxfFn] g]kfnsf] cfly{s If]qsf af/]df w]/} k':tsx? ;d]t n]Vg'ePsf] 5 .
pxfF ljZj a}+s, o'g8LkL, o'PgPkmkLP, 8An'Prcf], ;LcfO{8LP, O{O{;L, cfO{kLkL Pkm, cfO{o";LPg h:tf w]/} cGt/f{li6|o ;+3 ;+:yfx?df ;d]t ;Nnfxfsf/sf ?kdf /x]/ sfd ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] 5 .
k|fWofks Kofs'/]n ut s]xL ;ftfcl3 g]kfnsf] ljB't dx;'n lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL Ps uf]i7Ldf jfl;+ª6g 8L;L cfOk'Ug'ePsf a]nf g]kfnL kf]i6sf] sfof{nodf k|wfg ;Dkfbs lu/Lz kf]v/]n / ;Dkfbs ls/0f l;6f}nf;Fu g]kfnsf] cfly{s cj:yfsf af/]df ug'{ePsf] s'/fsfgLsf s]xL c+z xfdLn] oxfF k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .

g]kfnsf] cfly{s l:ylt s:tf] cj:yfdf u'lh|/x]sf] 5 s]xL atfOlbg'x'G5 ls <

clxn] g]kfnsf] cfly{s l:ylt /fd|f] 5}g . s"n /fhZj d'n'sn] hlt h'6fpg] xf] Tof] /fhZjn] ;fwf/0f vr{ ;d]t y]Ug] l:ylt 5}g . cf7f}+ of]hgfsf] cGTodf uP/ x]bf{ s"n ufx|:y pTkfbgsf] @) k|ltzt /fhZj p7]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ xfd|f] ;fwf/0f vr{nfO{ y]Ug s'g} ;d:of lyPg . gjf}+ of]hgfsf] cGTodf uP/ of] 36\of] . /fhZj s"n ufx|:y pTkfbgsf] !) k|ltztdf uof] . t/ klg ;fwf/0f vr{ / /fhZjsf] aLrdf sl/a sl/a a/fa/L l:ylt lyof] . of] cfly{s jif{df xfd|f] /fhZj h'g lsl;daf6 ;+sng eO/x]sf] 5 To;nfO{ x]bf{ ;fwf/0f vr{sf nflu em08} rf/ ca{ ?k}ofF gk'u x'g] k|i6 b]lvPsf] 5 . ut jif{df d'n'ssf] k|d'v k|d'v cfly{s kl/;"rsx? gsf/fTds b]lvP . Psflt/ /fhgLlts cl:yt/tf a9\b} hfg' csf]{lt/ /fHoaf6 ePsf] ;+sngn] ;fwf/0f vr{ klg y]Ug g;Sg] l:ylt hGdg' eg]sf] d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdf o;n] ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{ g;Sg' xf] .

xfn} cWofb]zaf6 hf/L ul/Psf] ah]6 s:tf] 5 t <

of] gofF cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6df ;fj{hlgs vr{ / /fhZjsf] cg'dfg vf; u/]/ uPsf] jif{sf] cfly{s l:yltsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] x'G5 . xfd|f] ut jif{sf] l:ylt x]bf{ lgDg cfDbfgL ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ 3/fo;L ;fdfg / vfB ;fdfu|Lx?df !) k|ltztn] d"No a[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 o:tf j:t'df d"No j[l4 x'g' eg]sf] ;j{;fwf/0fn] :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt x}g . ut jif{sf] tYof+s x]bf{ ljsf; vr{df @( k|ltztn] x|f; ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 ;fwf/0f vr{df ( bzdna $ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljsf;sf] /sd 36\b} hfg] ;fwf/0f vr{ h;af6 dfgj ljsf; / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu k|ltkmn gcfpg] If]qdf vr{ a9\b} hfg' of] klg cfly{s lj;+ultsf] pbfx/0f xf] .
g]kfnsf] s"n Jofkf/ 3f6f g} @( k|ltztn] a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ljutdf afXo cg'bfg /fd|} lyof] t/ of] k6s cg'bfg klg em08} $* k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ 3f6f s"n ufx|:y pTkfbgsf] !% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 of] blIf0f Pl;ofdf a9L g} xf] . of] jif{ d'n'sdf bzf}+ of]hgf k|f/De ul/of] ca o;sf] cGTo;Dddf ;/sf/n] # ;o @! cj{ /fhZj ;+sng x'g] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 .
rfn" cfly{s jif{ eGgfn] cl:t ;fpg dlxgf ;Dddf %& cj{ ;+sng x'g] eg]/ k|If]k0f ul/Psf] lyof] t/ sl/j %% cj{dfq x'g k'Uof] . of] # ;o @! ca{ /fhZj x'gsf nflu t ;fnfvfnf ^$ ca{ k'Ug'kg]{ eGbf %% ca{dfq k'u]sf] 5 . ( ca{ t xfdLn] u/]sf] k|If]k0fdf klxnf] Ps jif{df dfq sd eof] . eg]kl5 ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] /fhZj ;+sngdf o:tf] bogLo cj:yfdf a:g'k/]sf] v08df s] To:tf cfs{if0fx? lghL If]qnfO{ ;/sf/n] lbg ;S5 h;n] ubf{ ;/sf/n] ck]Iff u/]adf]lhd &@ k|ltzt nufgL lghL If]qaf6 x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf cfp;Snf < To;}n] ;/sf/n] bzf}+ of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf lghL If]qaf6 &@ k|ltztsf] nufgLsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 ef}lts cfwf/x? tof/ ul/lbPsf] v08df &@ k|ltzt lghL If]qaf6 cfpg;Sg] ;Eefjgf x'G5 . ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 Tof] lkmlhsn OGkmf:6Sr/df ug]{ nufgL cfkm\gf] /fhZjdf e/ k/]sf] x'G5 . /fhZj ;+sn g} o;/L 3l6;s]kl5 lghL If]qaf6 x'g ;Sg] nufgLsf] klg s'g} u'Ghfo; b]lvb}g .
To;}n] of] jif{ cy{dGqLn] h'g ah]6 lnP/ cfpg' eof] Tof] ah]6df sd;] sd g]kfndf klxnf] k6s tLg jif{sf] ljleGg tf]lsPsf k|fyldstfsf If]qx?df tLg jif{sf nflu xfd|f] vr{sf] slt cfjZostf k5{ / Tof] vr{nfO{ y]Ugsf nflu xfd|f] cfkm\g} /fhZj ;+sng slt x'G5 / aflx/L cg'bfg slt x'G5 eg]/ h'g n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 a}1fglgs 9+uaf6 dWosflng vr{ ;+/rgfsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ bzf}+ of]hgf;Fu ;Fu} o;kfnL z'? ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] h'g /fhZjsf] cg'dfg u/]sf lyof}+ vf; ?kn] hlt /fhZj ;+sng eof] o;n] cfufdL lbgdf lghL If]qaf6 cfpg] ;xeflutf cfpg g;Sg] k|i6 ?kdf b]lvPsf] x'gfn] ;/sf/n] ck]Iff /fv]sf] cfly{s j[l4b/ ^ bzdnj @ k|ltzt sfod x'g;Sg] ca ;+efjgf b]lvb}g .

g]kfnsf] cfufdL cfly{s cj:yf s:tf] x'G5 t o:t} x'Fb} uPdf <

g]kfndf cfufdL lbgx? Tolt ;+tf]ifhgs ;'vdo x'G5 eGg ;lsb}g lsgsL /fhgLlts cl:y/tf klg sfod} 5 . g]kfnnfO{ s"n ufx|:y pTkfbgsf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]g]{ xf] eg] nfcf]; / duf]lnofsf] t'ngfdf oL d'n'sx? klg e"kl/j]li7t clt sd ljsl;t b]zx? x'g\ logx?sf] t'ngfdf tLg u'0ff / kfFr u'0ff a9L g]kfnsf] s"n ufx|:Yo pTkfbg 5 . t/ k|ToIf a}b]lzs nufgLsf nflu cfPsf] /sd hlt xfdLn] kfpF5f}+, Tof] d+uf]lnof / nfcf];sf] t'ngfdf g]kfndf guGo 5 .
Jofkf/sf] l:ylt klg To:t} 5 . Jofkf/sf] j[l4b/nfO{ xfdLn] x]g]{ xf] eg] k|To]s jif{ ;fnfvfnf !% k|ltztsf b/n] clej[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ s"n ljZj Jofkf/df g]kfnsf] ;xeflutfsf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] ;"Go bzdnj ;"Go @ k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 .
xfdL cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f, ljZjJofkLs/0f / cfGtl/s ahf/nfO{ If]lqo / ljZj ahf/df OlG6u|]6 ug]{ s'/f xfdL u5f}+{ . ha g]kfnsf] ljZj Jofkf/df g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf o:tf] guGo 5 eg] xfdLn] of] l:yltnfO{ b[li6ut ug'{k5{ s] sf/0fn] o:tf] ;+/rgfTds ;d:ofx? g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf b]vfk/\of] t k|ltJolQm cfDbfgLdf Jofkf/n] ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] klg b]lvg] k|To]s jif{ !% k|ltztn] j[l4 sfod ePsf] klg b]lvg] t/ ul/aLsf] s'/f ubf{ u|fdL0f / zx/LIf]qsf] ul/aLdf em08} ;f9] b'O{ u'0ff a9L ul/aL u|fdL0f If]qdf b]lvg] ubf{ ljsf; ;dfg'kflts lsl;daf6 ljsf;sf] kmn g]kfnL hgtfx?n] pkef]u ug{ kfPsf] b]lvb}g . To;}n] of] kIf]k0fx? xfdLn] jflif{s jh]6df, dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfdf / xfd|f kfFr jif{ sfod ul/g] bzf}+ of]hgfdf h'g cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 Tof] cfwf/ g} tndfly eO;s]kl5 Tof] cfwf/nfO{ k'g{ k|If]k0f / xfd|f] ;+oGqnfO{ k'g{ ;+/lrt ug'{kg]{ xf] Tof] xfdLn] ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf} . To;}n] of] jif{sf] ah]6 cfpFbf dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfdf lbOPsf] k|If]k0fx?nfO{ xfdLn] u/]sf] /fhZjsf] cg'kftdf k'gM k|If]k0f ul/G5 xf]nf eGg] s'/f xfdLn] ljrf/ u/]sf lyof}+ Tof] x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPg . To;}n] klg o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf Tolt;f/f] ljZjf; /fVg ;Sg] 7fp+ b]lvb}g .
d"n'ssf] cy{tGqsf] d]?b08 eg]sf] ;fj{hlgs vr{ xf] . xfd|f] d'n'sf] b"ef{Uosf] s'/f s] 5 eg] /fhZjsf] j[l4b/;Fu ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] s'g} ;DaGw sfod ePsf] b]lvb}g . ;+;f/sf cljsl;t d'n'sx?sf] klg ljsf;sf] k|j[lQnfO{ xfdLn] cjnf]sg ug]{ xf] eg] /fhZjsf] j[l4 h'g cg'kftdf ePsf] x'G5 ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ klg ToxL cg'kftdf Jojl:yt ul/Psf] x'G5 . xfd|f] /fhZj ;+sng 36\b} uPsf] 5 ;fj{hlgs vr{ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ljsf;nfO{ b"ufdL k|efj kfg]{ ljsf; vr{ 36\b} uPsf] 5 To;}n] s'g kl/;"rssf] ;DaGw s'g kl/;"rs;Fu s'g lsl;dsf] s'g :t/sf] x'g'kg]{ xf] Tof] cy{tGqsf] gLlt lgdf{tfx?n] Tof] Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 Totftkm{ xfdLn] vf; ?rL /fv]sf] b]lvb}g . h:tf] cf7f}+ of]hgfsf] ;donfO{ xfdLn] x]g]{ xf] eg] /fhZjsf] j[l4 @) k|ltzt x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs vr{ xfd|f] !$ k|ltzt lyof] . Tolta]nf /fhZjeGbf ;fj{hlgs vr{ t w]/} sd lyof] lg To;}n] Tolta]nf xfd|f] cy{tGq Tolt ljlu|;s]sf] lyPg . gjf}+ of]hgfdf uP/ klg s] eof] eg] ;fj{hlgs vr{ / /fhZj ;+sng sl/j sl/a a/fa/ g} lyof] . t/ clxn] l:ylt plN6Psf] 5 . cfGtl/s C0f ;/sf/n] sfg"gsf] kl/lwnfO{ gf3]/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . bz jif{sf] cjlwnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] tLg u'0ffn] cfGtl/s C0f a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ut jif{sf] r}t d;fGt;Dd dfq g]kfn /fi6| a}+saf6 ;/sf/n] cfGtl/s C0f $^ k|ltzt c;"n ul/;s]sf] 5 . ca bz jif{sf] ;donfO{ xfdLn] x]g]{ xf] eg] ;fnfvfnf jflif{s cfGtl/s C0fsf] j[l4b/ klxn]sf] jif{df !@ k|ltzt lyof] eg] o;kfnL ;lsPsf] cfly{s jif{df @$ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ xfd|f] ;fpF Jofhsf] e'QmfgL bfloTj s"n vr{sf] & k|ltzt k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . of] blIf0f Pl;ofdf >Ln+sfdf afx]s a9L g} xf] .

;/sf/n] lng] C0fsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <

ca csf]{ 8/nfUbf] l:ylt 5 xfd|f] Tof] s] eg] Psflt/ ;+ljwfg sfo{Gjlot x'g g;Sg' csf{lt/ ;/sf/n] sfg'gsf] dof{bfnfO{ e+u u/]/ cfGtl/s C0f lng', csf]{lt/ lnPsf] C0fsf] cfly{s j[l4b/;Fu s'g} cGt/;DaGw sfod ug{ g;Sg' o;n] eljZodf g]kfnsf] cfly{s cg'xf/ s:tf] x'G5 < clxn] xfdLn] a8f] dl:snsf] kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf 5f}+ . afXo C0fsf] d'n'sn] ;fFjf Jofh e'QmfgL ug]{ klg s'n /fhZjsf] !# k|ltzt k'lu;s]sf] 5 . of] blIf0f Pl;ofdf ;a}eGbf a9L xf] . To;}sf/0fn] of] ^ bzdnj @ k|ltztsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ sfod ug{ xfdLn] cg'bfg afx]s a}b]lzs C0f k'u gk'u *! ca{sf] xfdLnfO{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 . ca clxn]s} l:yltdf afXo C0fsf] ;fFjf Jofhsf] e'QmfgL s"n /fhZjsf] !# k|ltzt k'u]sf] cj:yfdf ca *! ca{ of] yk a}b]lzs C0f xfdLn] s]sf cfwf/df lng] < ca ^ bzdnj @ k|ltztsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ sfod x'g;Sg] l:ylt klg 5}g lsgeg] w]/} ;t{x? xfdLn] kfng ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . afXo C0fsf] klg s"n ufx|:Yo pTkfbg;Fu s'g} C0f sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+;f/sf cGo cljsl;t d'n'snfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] afXo C0f hlt a9fPsf] x'G5 Tof] a9]sf] afXo C0fs]f cGt/;DaGw Tof] s"n ufx|:Yo pTkfbgsf] a[l4;Fu sfod ul/Psf] x'G5 . afXo C0f a9L lng' eg]sf] Tof] C0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ a9fP/ s"n ufx|:Yo pTkfbgdf clej[l4 ug'{ xf] .
of] l:yltn] ubf{ xfdL;Fu ePsf] clnslt a}b]lzs k"FhLdf klg gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ k|i6 ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .

ef/t;Fusf] Jofkf/ ;DaGwsf af/]df s]xL atfOlbg'x'G5 ls <

ef/t;Fu xfd|f] Jofkfl/s cGt/;DaGw a9L cfl>t 5f}+ . ef/t;Fusf] Jofkf/df clnslt xfdLn] k|ult ug{ ;Sof}+ eg] xfd|f] cfly{s j[l4b/ klg a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ef/tsf] Jofkf/af6 xfdLnfO{ 3f6f eof] eg] xfd|f] cfly{s j[l4b/df klg To;n] gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 .
/]nj] ;+emf}tf x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] clxn] g]kfnaf6 ljb]z k7fpg] / ljb]zaf6 cfpg] ;fdfgx?sf] d"Nodf #) k|ltzt yk 3f6f xfdLn] ;xg'kl//x]sf] 5 . ca cGt/f{li6|o df}lb|s ;+:yfx?af6 lnPsf] C0fnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ ;do ca glhs cfpg yfn]sf] 5 . lgdf{0f eO;s]sf ;'Vvf aGb/ufxfx? rngrNtLdf gNofPsf sf/0f aGb x'g] l:ylt cfO;Sof] . ca Psflt/ ljleGg /fhgLlts sf/0fn] of] l:ylt 5 eg] csf]{lt/ !((^ df ePsf] g]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfnfO{ ;g\ @))@ df k'g{ gjL/s0f ubf{ g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] c;dembf/Lsf] sf/0fn] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] o'udf ef/tn] cfkm\gf] cfGtl/s pBf]unfO{ ;+/If0f lbg] gfddf ljleGg lsl;dsf yk dx;'n nufP/ kfl/df0fLs aGb]hx? nufP/ xfd|f] g]kfnaf6 lgof{t x'g] ;fdfgx?sf] d"No clej[l4 eO/fv]sf] 5 . xfd|f eG;f/sf ljGb"x?df xfd|f ef/t hfg] s[lif pTkfbgx?sf] kl/If0f ug]{ k|ljlwx?sf] cefj ePsf sf/0fn] xfd|f ;fdfgx? Ps t gfl;g] csf{ ;fdfg uP klg To;sf] cfkm\gf] d"No gkfpg] l:yltsf] xfdLn] ;fdfgf ug'{kl//x]sf] 5 . e"kl/j]li7t d'n'sx?sf] t'ngfdf h:tf] sf7df8f}af6 xfd|f] ef/t;Dd xfd|f] sG6]g/ hfFbf ef/tsf] tLg j6f k|fGt / bh{gf}+ gu/kflnsfx? eP/ xfd|f] ;fdfg hfg'kg]{ h'g clxn]sf] l:ylt 5 Tof] t];|f] d'n's lgof{t lgof{t x'g' cul8sf] nfut g} xfd|f] c? e"kl/j]li7t d'n'ssf] nfut eGbf xfd|f] nfut a9L 5 . xfdLn] otflt/ b[li6 lbg ;s]gf} eg] ef/t;Fu cfly{s s"6gLltssf] d2taf6 xfdLn] s'/f cufl8 a9fpg ;s]gf} eg] xfdLnfO{ 7"nf] ;d:of x'g] b]vfk/]sf] 5 . 8An'6Lcf]sf] ;b:otf g]kfnn] klg lng yfn]sf] 5 . cfpFbf] ;]K6]Da/df nueu ;b:otf kfpg] 5 . o;a]nf klg oL d'4fx? ef/t;Fusf] xfd|f] lge{/tfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ xfdLn] k|fljlws s'/fx?dfq a9L p7fP/ ef/tsf] lrQ a'emfpg ;s]gf} eg] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf lnO;Sbf klg g]kfnn] To;sf] s'g} kmfObf p7fpg ;Sg] b]lvb}g lsgsL ef/tsf] ;fdfg pTkfbg ug]{ nfuteGbf xfd|f] nfut a9L b]lvG5 . u'0ffTds / d"Nosf] lx;fjaf6 xfdLn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt b]lvb}g .
snsQfsf] aGb/ufxfaf6 l;+ufk'/df uP/ k'gM csf]{ hxfh kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . w]/} k|fljlws ;d:of b]vfk/]sf] 5 . aDa}b]lv /S;f}n;Dd Nofpg ;Sg] gfsfx?df s]xL vf]hL cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sof}+ eg] Tof] 9'jfgLdf nfUg] yk vr{x? 36\g ;Sg] ;Defjgfx? 5 . To;tkm{ klg ;+o'Qm /fi6|;+3 h:tf lgsfox?af6 k|fljlws ;xof]u g]kfnn] eljZodf lng'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf sfod eO/x]sf] v08df xfd|f] b'O{ klIfo ;dhbf/L sfod x'g klg uf/f] x'g] / g]kfndf cfP/ nufgLstf{x?n] klg jftfj/0f /fd|f] ePdf ;a} lgod sfg'g x/]s b[li6sf]0faf6 ;/sf/n] ;'/Iff k|bfg u5'{ eg] tfklg ef/t h:tf] d'n'sn] g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] ahf/ gkfpg] xf] eg] nufgLsf] ;+efjgf 36\g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL c6n ljxf/L afhk]oLsf] rLgdf ePsf] e|d0fkl5 l;lSsdsf] af6f]af6 ca ltAa]tdf Jofkf/ ug]{ s'/fsf] ;dembf/L sfod eof] . xfd|f] g]kfnsf] Pp6f /fd|f] ;DaGw ltAa]t;Fu klg sfod} lyof] . h'g ;fdfg xfdLn] ltAa]t k7fO/x]sf 5f}+ sl/j sl/j tL ;fdfgx? ef/tdf klg pknAw x'g] / ef/tdf pTkfbg nfut sd ePsf] x'gfn] ef/taf6 hfg] ;fdfgn] ltAa]tsf] ahf/ klg lng;Sg] ;+efjgf ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] rLg ;Fusf] ljz]if lsl;dsf] xfd|f] h'g ;DaGw 5 Tof] ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df ljz]if ;'ljwf s]xL ;dosf nflu lng'k5{ . of] ;a} /fhgLlts jftfj/0fdf e/ kg]{ x'gfn] hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] of] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of sfod eP/ r'gfj eP/ :yL/ ;/sf/ g]kfndf cfPsf] v08df g]kfnsf] eljZo /fd|f] 5 Tof] sfod x'g g;s]sf] v08df g]kfnsf] cy{tGq w]/} ;do;Dd l6Sg ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g . s'g} klg a]nf b"3{6gfu|:t x'g;Sg] l:ylt g]kfndf 5 .

b]zsf] cfly{s l:yltdf slxn] ;'wf/ cfpnf t <

ut jif{ d'Vo cfly{s ;"rsx? gsf/fTds x'g uof] . /fhgLlts ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg clxn] eO;s]sf] l:ylt klg 5}g . of] clglZrt jftfj/0f sfod} 5 . k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL klg clxn] a9\g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . Jofkf/ 3f6f a9\bf] l:yltdf uO/x]sf] 5 . oL ;a} s'/f x]bf{ cfufdL b'O{ jif{;Dd of] eGbf v/fa l:ylt d'n'sdf geP tfklg cfpFbf] b'O{ jif{;Dd g]kfnsf] cy{tGq dha't x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvb}g .
hlt ;do xfd|f] /fhgLlts clglZrtf sfod x'Fb} uof] Tolt g} xfd|f] cy{tGq Wj:t x'Fb} hfG5 . To;}n] oxL l:ylt sfod x'Fb} uPdf kfFrf}+ jif{df g]kfnsf] cy{tGq k"0f{ ?kn] Wj:t x'G5 .

k|hftGq cfPkl5 s'g ;do cfly{s cj:yf oxfFn] ;'lw|Psf] 7fGg'ePsf] 5 t <

k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgf ePkl5 c9fO jif{sf] l:ylt g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf :j0fL{d l:ylt eGg ;lsG5 . ha g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] cfGtl/s sf/0fn] ;g\ !(($ df dWofjlw r'gfj eof] To;kl5 b]zdf cfly{s cl:y/tfx? b]vf kg{ yfn] . t/ k|hftGq k'g:yfkgf ePkl5 rfx] cf}Bf]lus gLlt !((@, Jofkf/ gLlt !((@ k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgLsf gLltx? hlt klg gLltx? cfP ltgLx?n] cy{tGqnfO{ Pp6f lnudf lx8fpg] sfd u/]sf] b]lvG5 . /, cfly{s kl/;"rsx? xfdLn] x]bf{ Tof] z'?sf] k|hftGq k'g:yfkgf eO;s]sf] c9fO tLg jif{ cjlwdf eg] cToGt ;sf/fTds glthf b]vf k/]sfn] /fd|f] eGg ;lsG5 To;kl5 lu/fj6 g} a9L ePsf] b]lvG5 . clxn]sf] l:yltdf cfkm\gf] /fhZjn] ;fwf/0f vr{ y]Ug g;Sg] l:ylt 5 ;/sf/n] lng] cfGtl/s C0f ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] sfg'gsf] kl/wL gf3]/ lnPsf] 5 o:tf] l:yltnfO{ t /fd|f] l:ylt eGg ;lsb}g .
;g\ !(*% b]lv !(** ;DdnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] clxn]sf] ;/sf/n] ;'/Iffsf nflu vr{ ul/Psf] xf] eg]/ ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] cg'xf/nfO{ hf]ufpg] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 t/ z'/Iffdf vr{ ug]{ u/]sf] k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ ljutdf klg /fd|f] xf]Og . !((* df dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofn] ljs/fn ?k lnPs} lyPg pgLx? ev{/ h+un k;]sf lyP . Tof] a]nfdf x]g]{ xf] eg] k|To]s jif{ ;'/Iffdf ePsf] vr{ kfls:tfg / ef/tdf eGbf g]kfndf a9L ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf rf/ k|ltzteGbf a9L 5 kfls:tfg / ef/tdf tLg k|ltztdf 5 . ;'/Iffdf oqf] ;/sf/n] vr{ u/\of] o;n] ls t zfxL ;]gfsf] Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'g'k/\of] ls t ;+:yfsf] ;+/rgfdf /fd|f] kl/jt{g ePsf] x'g'k/\of] . ls t cToGt ljsl;t k|ljwLx?sf] ljsf; x'g'k/\of] Tof] s]xL klg ePsf] 5}g eGbf Tof] nufgL stf uof] <
clxn] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?df ePsf] 3f6f t xfd|f] ah]6df k|ltljlDjt x'Fb}g eg] ;'/Iffsf] gfddf ul/g] vr{sf] ;xL pkof]u slt x'G5 eGg] s'/f t xfdL s;}nfO{ clxn] klg yfxf 5}g . ;'/Iffsf gfddf w]/} vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] clxn]sf] of] l:ylt s'g} klg b[li6sf]0faf6 hf]ufpg ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g . t/ d'n'ssf] cy{tGq cfh ljlu|P/ ef]ln t 9Nb}g To;}n] of] l:ylt g} sfod ePsf] v08df cfpFbf] !% jif{df xfd|f] cy{tGq k"0f{ ?kn] Ifltu|:t x'g ;Sg] l:ylt d]/f] cg'ejn] b]vfpF5 .

g]kfn lsg clt ul/jL d'n'sx?n] kfpg] C0f dfkmLdf kg{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g <

o;df SjflnkmfO x'g ;Sg] cj:yf t lyof] t/ k|To]s zt{x? clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf] kmf]/ddf uP/ xfdLn] dfu ug]{ s"n /sddf cfkm\gf] tkm{sf] ;xeflutfsf] k|ltzt / ToxfF arga4 ePsf zt{x?sf] lkml/:tf xfdLn] clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf] ;Dd]ngdf uP/ xfdLn] k]z ug'{k5{ . xfdLn] dfu dfq u/]sf] b]lvof] xfdLn] s'g} klg ;t{x? k"/f ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvPg . To;}n] klg xfdLn] C0f dfkmL kfpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ .

h:tf] s] ;t{x? t <

pbfx/0fsf nflu cfGtl/s C0f ;/sf/n] ut jif{ ePsf] s'n /fhZjsf] % k|ltzt eGbf a9L ug{ gkfpg] eg]sf] 5 . To:t} u/]/ Go"gtd /f]huf/L jftfj/0f agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfly{s j[l4b/ sfod x'g ;Sof] ;s]g To;sf] cfkm\g} hl:6lkms]zgx? x'G5 . xfdLn] j[l4b/sf] k|Io]k0f r}+ ug]{ Tof] j[l4b/ sfod x'g ;s]g eg] xfdLn] To; s'/fdf xfdLn] jf:tf gug]{ . xfd|f] tkm{sf] ;xeflutf sfpG6/kf6{ km08 xfdLn] a}b]lzs nufgLsf gfddf /sd NofO;s]kl5 xfdLn] Tof] sfpG6/ kf6{ km08 slt nufgL ug'{kg]{ xf] Tof] nufgL ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 klg xfd|f sltko kl/of]hgfx? kmls{P/ uPsf 5g\ . To:t} u/]/ l8;]Da/ @))) ;Dddf xfdLn] ljsf;sf] Oltxf; z'? eP/ g]kfnn] C0f lng yfn]kl5 ;a}eGbf nfdf] cjlwsf] g]kfnn] C0f lnPsf kl/of]hgfx?sf] ;dofjlw ;dfKt eof] . Psflt/ ljZje/af6 g]kfnn] lnPsf nfdf] ;dosf yf]/} Jofhb/sf] kl/of]hgfx?sf] C0f ltg'{kg]{ h'g ;dofjlw xf] Tof] ;g\ @))@ l8;]Da/;Dd lyof] . Psflt/ z'/Iffsf nflu j[xt ?kdf vr{ a9\g' csf]{lt/ sd{rf/Lsf] tna ;'ljwf ;t k|ltztn] a9\g' csf]{lt/ cfGtl/s C0f klg cfsfl;g', j}b]lzs ;xfotf klg 36\b} hfg' / nfdf] ;dofjlwsf yf]/} Aofhb/sf kl/of]hgfx? klg ;lsPsf x'gfn] xfdLn] C0f ltg{ ;Sg] ;|f]t ;fwgdf ;/sf/sf dGqLx?n] k|:6;Fu s'g sf/0fn] C0f ltg{ g;s]sf] xf] Tof] a'emfpg g;Sg' / eljZodf xfdLn] s] cfwf/df Tof] C0f ltg{ ;Sg] l:ylt x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] u[xsfo{ g} gu/]sf x'gfn] C0faf6 d'Qm ul/lbg'k/\of] eGg];fy To;/L d'Qm ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f gePsf] xf] .

g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;'lNemPnf eGg] oxfFx? h:tf] j'l4hLjLx?nfO{ nflu/x]sf] 5 ls 5}g t <

clxn]sf] cfGtl/s cj:yf / afXo sf/0fx? / ljleGg /fhgLlts bnx?sf] c;xof]u cfGbf]ng /fhfsf] e"ldsf, dfcf]jfbLsf] dfu / dfcf]jfbLx?nfO{ k/]sf] k|efj ofjt s'/fx?nfO{ b[li6sf]0f ubf{ k|To]s kIf g]kfndf k|hftGq bluff]xf];\ eg]/ rfxg] cyjf aflx/ a;]sf dfcf]jfbLx? g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts d"nwf/df cfpF eGg rfxg] dfcf]jfbLx? / ;xL ?kdf ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] dof{bfnfO{ dfg]sf] v08df /fhtGq klg alnof] x'G5 eg]/ /fhfn] klg olb Tof] lrtfpg] xf] eg] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg l9nf] jf rf8f] x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf d cf;fjfbL 5' .
cfGbf]ng/t /fhgLlts g]tfx?;Fu Pp6f 5nkmn / dfcf]jfbL, /fhfsf k|ltlglw / cfGbf]ng/t /fhgLlts bnsf aLrdf Pp6f ;dembf/L sfod eP/ To;cGtu{t jftf{ cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] v08df jfXo ;xof]u x'g ;Sg] klg alnof] ;+efjgf 5 .
/fhf / /fhgLlts bnx?aLrdf dfq ;dembf/L sfod eof] eg] klg of] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'Fb}g /fhf / dfcf]jfbLsf aLrdf ;dembf/L sfod eof] / ef]ln Pp6f lgSof}{n lgsfn]sf v08df klg ljleGg dfcf]jfbLx? pgLx?af6} hGd lnG5g\ . clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df olb tLgj6f zlQm l9nf] jf rfF8f] ldn]/ dfq ;d:of ;dfwfg x'G5 . d'n'ssf] ;]gf ;+;bsf] cGtu{t x'g'k5{ .
/fh;+:yfsf] Pp6f dof{bf 5 . clxn] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g'cl3 dfcf]jfbLx?n] cufl8 ;f/]sf / /fhgLlts bnx?n] cufl8 NofPsf s'/fx?nfO{ Pp6f lgrf]8df NofP/ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/]/ To;kl5 r'gfj u/fP/ :yfoL ;/sf/ agfP/ k|hftGqnfO{ bLuf] agfpg] xf] eg] of] tLgj6f zlQmsf] aLrdf Pp6f /fi6|lxtsf nflu ;femf Ph]08f tof/ ug}{ k5{ . x}g xtfl/P/ s'g} klg b'O{ kIfaLrdf ;dembf/L sfod ug{ vf]lhof] eg] Tof] ;dembf/L bLuf] x'g] b]lvb}g .

cGtdf d'n's aflx/ a:g] g]kfnLx?n] :jb]zsf] cfly{s l:ylt alnof] agfpgsf nflu s] s:tf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ t <

clxn]sf] ;+rf/sf] dfWodaf6 klg ljb]zdf a:g] g]kfnLx?n] g]kfnsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs /fhgLlts ;a} If]qdf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] l:ylt 5 . g]kfnsf k|To]s r]tgzLn ;dfhn] tkfO{+x? ljb]zdf a:g]x?nfO{ w]/} glhsaf6 x]l//x]sf 5g\ . lgs6 eljZodf ;/sf/ / gLlhIf]qsf] ;lqmotfdf g]kfndf x'g nfu]sf] k|jf;L -gg /]l;8]G;_ g]kfnLx?sf] ;Dd]ngdf ;/sf/n] /fd|f] Ph]08f ;fg'{k5{ .
gg /]l;8]G6 g]kfnLx?sf] bf]xf]/f] gful/stfsf s'/fx?nfO{ klg ;/sf/n] x]g'{k5{ . pgLx?nfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf lbg] s'/fx?df Wofg lbg'kg]{ 5 . To;f] ePdf ljb]zdf cfh{g u/]sf] /sdnfO{ pgLx?n] g]kfndf nufgL u/fpg] jftfj/0f ;/sf/n] agfpg] h:tf s'/fx?df ;/sf/n] ljz]if Ph]08f agfpg'k5{ .
ljb]zdf a;]sf g]kfnLx?n] of] /fhgLlts ;d:of Ifl0fs x'g\ eGg] lx;fjn] lng'k5{ .
cGttM of] /fhgLlts ;d:ofsf] ;dwfg x'G5 . aflx/ a:g] g]kfnLx?n] ljb]zLx?nfO{ g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf;sf nflu ;sf/fTds ;"rgf lbP/ k|efljt ul/lbPsf v08df klg To;n] g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu klg 7"nf] of]ubfg lbg]5 .